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High-energy physics experiments face extreme data rates, requiring real-time trigger systems to reduce event throughput while preserving sensitivity to rare processes. Trigger systems are typically constructed as modular chains of…
The BTeV trigger system will be very ambitious, reconstructing almost all tracks in real time at 15 million 2-TeV ${\bar p} p$ interactions per second. The goal is substantially-increased sensitivity to rare effects in heavy-quark physics…
Supercomputing systems today often come in the form of large numbers of commodity systems linked together into a computing cluster. These systems, like any distributed system, can have large numbers of independent hardware components…
The next-generation experiments on Heavy Flavour Physics must be performed at the hadron colliders to exploit the superior production cross-section and availability of all the species of b and c flavored hadrons. The particularly hostile…
Embedded real-time systems (RTS) are pervasive. Many modern RTS are exposed to unknown security flaws, and threats to RTS are growing in both number and sophistication. However, until recently, cyber-security considerations were an…
In real-world Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) scenarios, where LLMs interleave reasoning with external tool calls, a major source of inefficiency is that the toolcalls create pauses between LLM requests and cause KV-Cache eviction, forcing…
When considering recurrent tasks in real-time systems, concurrent accesses to shared resources, can cause race conditions or data corruptions. Such a problem has been extensively studied since the 1990s, and numerous resource…
Embedded systems in safety-critical environments are continuously required to deliver more performance and functionality, while expected to provide verified safety guarantees. Nonetheless, platform-wide software verification (required for…
PROCESS is a reactor systems code - it assesses the engineering and economic viability of a hypothetical fusion power station using simple models of all parts of a reactor system. PROCESS allows the user to choose which constraints to…
Physics collisions at 13 TeV are expected at the LHC with an average of 40-50 proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing under nominal conditions. Tracking at trigger level is an essential tool to control the rate in high-pileup conditions…
Microcontroller systems are integral to our daily lives, powering mission-critical applications such as vehicles, medical devices, and industrial control systems. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and outline the challenges…
Modern chained Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) systems leverage a combination of pipelining and leader rotation to obtain both efficiency and fairness. These protocols, however, require a sequence of three or four consecutive honest leaders…
In this paper, we i) analyze and classify real-world failures of Kubernetes (the most popular container orchestration system), ii) develop a framework to perform a fault/error injection campaign targeting the data store preserving the…
Understanding fault types can lead to novel approaches to debugging and runtime verification. Dealing with complex faults, particularly in the challenging area of embedded systems, craves for more powerful tools, which are now becoming…
We have developed a fast programmable trigger processor board based on a field programmable gate array and a complex programmable logic device for use in the BELLE experiment. The trigger board accommodates 144 ECL input signals, 2 NIM…
Distributed Real-Time (DRT) systems are among the most complex software systems to design, test, maintain and evolve. The existence of components distributed over a network often conflicts with real-time requirements, leading to design…
In the future ALICE heavy ion experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider input data rates of up to 25 GB/s have to be handled by the High Level Trigger (HLT) system, which has to scale them down to at most 1.25 GB/s before being written to…
Applications of reversible circuits can be found in the fields of low-power computation, cryptography, communications, digital signal processing, and the emerging field of quantum computation. Furthermore, prototype circuits for low-power…
A multi-layer trigger system, based on programmable logic devices hosted on VME boards, has been implemented. It is completely scalable and suitable for handling from a few up to a few hundred channels. Custom software for monitoring and…
Kubernetes is a free, open-source container orchestration system for deploying and managing Docker containers that host microservices. Kubernetes cluster logs help in determining the reason for the failure. However, as systems become more…