Related papers: A Critical Look at Ice Crystal Growth Data
We describe an apparatus designed for obtaining precise measurements of the growth rates of ice crystals from water vapor over a range of experimental conditions. Our aim is to produce clean, high-quality test crystals in a well controlled…
We describe a comprehensive model for the formation and morphological development of atmospheric ice crystals growing from water vapor, also known as snow crystals. Our model derives in part from empirical measurements of the intrinsic ice…
We present measurements of the growth of long columnar ice crystals from water vapor over a broad range of temperatures and supersaturation levels in air. Starting with thin, c-axis ice needle crystals, we observed their subsequent growth…
We examine the molecular dynamics of crystal growth in the presence of surface melting and surface impurities, and from this propose a detailed microscopic model for the growth of ice from the vapor phase. Our model naturally accounts for…
We present an investigation of chemical influences on the growth of ice crystals from water vapor. In one set of experiments, we grew ice crystals in a vapor diffusion chamber, observing crystal morphologies at temperatures from 0 C to -25…
We present experiments investigating the growth of ice crystals from water vapor in air using a free-fall convection chamber. We measured growth rates at temperatures of -5 C and -10 C as a function of supersaturation at an air pressure…
This monograph reviews our current understanding of the physical dynamics of ice crystal growth, focusing on the spontaneous formation of complex structures from water vapor (called snow crystals) as a function of temperature,…
I describe techniques for making precise measurements of the growth rates of the principal facets of ice crystals. Particular attention is paid to identifying and reducing systematic errors in the measurements, as these have plagued earlier…
We describe how surface interactions can affect the growth of ice crystal facets in contact with a substrate by lowering the normal nucleation barrier on the ice surface. We also describe how the resulting enhanced growth rates can produce…
We present a series of experiments investigating the growth of ice crystals from water vapor in the presence of a background gas. We measured growth dynamics at temperatures ranging from -2 C to -25 C, at supersaturations between 0.5 and 30…
We examine ice crystal growth from water vapor at temperatures near the melting point, when surface premelting creates a quasiliquid layer at the solid/vapor interface. Recent ice growth measurements as a function of vapor supersaturation…
We present measurements of the diffusion-limited growth of ice crystals from water vapor at different supersaturation levels in air at a temperature of -15 C. Starting with thin, c-axis ice needle crystals, the subsequent growth…
I describe an adaptable apparatus for making precision measurements of the growth of faceted ice prisms from water vapor as a function of temperature, supersaturation, and background gas pressure. I also describe procedures for modeling…
This paper presents a matrix of 206 snow crystal growth observations as a function of temperature and water vapor supersaturation in air, each illustrating the morphology and size of a crystal forming on the tip of an isolated c-axis ice…
I examine a variety snow crystal growth experiments performed at temperatures near -2 C, as a function of supersaturation, background gas pressure, and crystal morphology. Although the different experimental data were obtained using quite…
We present the design of a general-purpose convection chamber that produces a stable environment for studying the growth of ice crystals from water vapor in the presence of a background gas. Crystals grow in free fall inside the chamber,…
We describe an experimental apparatus for making detailed morphological observations of the growth of isolated plate-like ice crystals from water vapor. Each crystal develops a plate-on-pedestal (POP) geometry, in which a large, thin,…
I describe a new approach to the classification of snow crystal morphologies that focuses on the most common growth behaviors that appear in normal air under conditions of constant applied temperature and water-vapor supersaturation. The…
We describe a novel crystal growth instability that enhances the development of thin edges, promoting the formation of plate-like or hollow columnar morphologies. This instability arises when diffusion-limited growth is coupled with…
The growth of ice stalagmites obtained by the solidification of impacting droplets on a cooled substrate ($-50^{\circ}$C to $-140^{\circ}$C) is investigated experimentally. It is shown that for any combination of substrate temperature and…