Related papers: The Chemical Potential
In this article we investigate the long time behavior of solutions to a class of infinitely many master equations defined from transition rates that are suitable for the description of a quantum system approaching thermodynamical…
One suggestion for determining the properties of QCD at finite temperatures and densities is to carry out lattice simulations with an imaginary chemical potential whereby no sign problem arises, and to convert the results to real physical…
This article is the first in a series dealing with the thermodynamic properties of quantum Coulomb systems. In this first part, we consider a general real-valued function $E$ defined on all bounded open sets of $\R^3$. Our aim is to give…
Heat capacities of model systems with finite numbers of effective degrees of freedom are evaluated using canonical and microcanonical thermodynamics. Discrepancies between both approaches, which are observed even in the infinite-size limit,…
Microcanonical equations for several thermodynamic properties of a system, suitable for molecular dynamics simulations, are derived from the nonextensive Tsallis entropy functional. Two possible definitions of temperature, the usual one and…
Classical phase transitions, like solid-liquid-gas or order-disorder spin magnetic phases, are all driven by thermal energy fluctuations by varying the temperature. On the other hand, quantum phase transitions happen at absolute zero…
We discuss problems associated with the notion of pH in heterogeneous systems. For homogeneous systems, standardization protocols lead to a well defined quantity, which although different from S\o rensen's original idea of pH, is well…
In this study, internal energy (U), electric field (E) and particle number (N) which specify the system quantities i.e. thermodynamical quantities for the proteins. In the frame of thermodynamical formalism, the relation between the heat…
We demonstrate, with a concrete example, how the combinatorial approach to a general system of particles, which was introduced in detail in the earlier paper arXiv:1205.4986, works and where it enters to provide a genuine extension of…
The temporal evolution of the levels in a three-level laser is macroscopically described by a closed set of rate equations. Here, we complement this picture by providing a model which describes through chemical reactions how the levels are…
We describe a finite inhomogeneous three dimensional system of classical particles which interact through short and (or) long range interactions by means of a simple analytic spin model. The thermodynamic properties of the system are worked…
A quantum system at equilibrium is represented by a corresponding classical system, chosen to reproduce the thermodynamic and structural properties. The objective is to develop a means for exploiting strong coupling classical methods (e.g.,…
In the context of scalar field theories, both real and complex, we derive the cutting description at finite temperature (with zero/finite chemical potential) from the cutting rules at zero temperature through the action of a simple thermal…
An analysis is made of the particle composition in the final state of $pp$ collisions at 7 TeV as a function of the charged particle multiplicity ($dN_{ch}/d\eta$). The thermal model is used to determine the chemical freeze-out temperature…
The thermodynamic limit of the internal energy and the entropy of the system of quantum interacting particles in random medium is shown to exist under the crucial requirements of stability and temperedness of interactions. The energy turns…
We present a theory of quantum oscillations in insulators that are particle-hole symmetric and non-topological but with arbitrary band dispersion, at both zero and non-zero temperature. At temperatures $T$ less than or comparable to the…
This paper is the second part of a previous paper (Marquet, 2019) dealing with the need to define the entropy with an absolute way, by using the third law of thermodynamics. In this second part it is shown that there is a need and interest…
Ideal gas is the most fundamental and simple system in thermodynamics, which has extensive applications in energy research and engineering. By reviewing the physical concept of ideal gas, it is found that the current understanding of ideal…
A truly isolated atom always has an integer number of electrons. If placed in contact with a far-away metallic reservoir, a {\em range} of metallic chemical potentials $\mu$ will lead to an identical number of electrons, $N$, on the atom.…
Enhancing the precision of a thermodynamic process inevitably necessitates a thermodynamic cost. This notion was recently formulated as the thermodynamic uncertainty relation, which states that the lower bound on the relative variance of…