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We have developed a self-consistent description of the radiation heat transfer and dynamics of large perfectly black spherical bodies with sizes much greater than the characteristic wavelength of radiation moving in a photon gas with…
We derive some of the properties of blackbody radiation using thermodynamic identities. A few of the results reported earlier (in Part 1 of the present paper) will be re-derived here from a different perspective. We argue that the…
Even though, classically, a black holes is gravitational object, it can be treated as a thermodynamic object when quantum effect is taken into account. It is found that by using Gibbs-Boltzmann entropy, thermodynamic system associated…
We discuss the difference between the thermodynamics of black holes and thermodynamics of the de Sitter expansion. Both systems experience the Hawking radiation, but its impact on thermodynamics is different. As distinct from the…
A thermodynamical description for the quasi-static collapse of radiating, self-gravitating spherical shells of matter in anti-de Sitter space-time is obtained. It is shown that the specific heat at constant area and other thermodynamical…
A spherically symmetric distribution of classical blackbody radiation is considered, at conditions in which gravitational self-interaction effects become not negligible. Static solutions to Einstein field equations are searched for, for…
We study the stationary states of a quantum mechanical system describing an atom coupled to black-body radiation at positive temperature. The stationary states of the non-interacting system are given by product states, where the particle is…
The thermodynamic properties of the de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley (dRGT) black hole in the asymptotically de Sitter (dS) spacetime are investigated by using R\'enyi entropy. It has been found that the black hole with asymptotically dS spacetime…
The features of the fundamental thermodynamical relation (expressing entropy as function of state variables) that arise from the self-gravitating character of a system are analyzed. The models studied include not only a spherically…
We have known for more than thirty years that black holes behave as thermodynamic systems, radiating as black bodies with characteristic temperatures and entropies. This behavior is not only interesting in its own right; it could also,…
The thermal balance between the black hole and surrounding thermal radiation is an interesting topic. The primordial black hole is a type of black hole formed in the early universe, especially during the thermal radiation period of the…
The de Sitter state and the static Einstein Universe are unique states that have a constant scalar Ricci curvature ${\cal R}$. It was shown earlier that such a unique symmetry of the de Sitter state leads to special thermodynamic properties…
Constructing a thermodynamic framework for nonequilibrium systems remains a major challenge, as quantities such as temperature and free energy often become ambiguous when inferred solely from steady-state properties. Here we take a…
'Relativistic thermodynamics' should be understood not as a generalization of a non-relativistic theory but as an application of a general thermodynamic framework, neutral as to spacetime setting and allowing arbitrary conserved quantities,…
The thermodynamics of black holes in various dimensions are described in the presence of a negative cosmological constant which is treated as a thermodynamic variable, interpreted as a pressure in the equation of state. The black hole mass…
We show that classical thermodynamics has a formulation in terms of Hamilton-Jacobi theory, analogous to mechanics. Even though the thermodynamic variables come in conjugate pairs such as pressure/volume or temperature/entropy, the phase…
The thermodynamical properties of the Reissner-Nordstr\"om-anti-de Sitter black hole in the grand canonical ensemble are investigated using York's formalism. The black hole is enclosed in a cavity with finite radius where the temperature…
The pure self-gravitating system in this paper refers to a multi-body gaseous system where the self-gravity plays a dominant role and the intermolecular interactions can be neglected. Therefore its total mass must be much more than a limit…
We investigate electrically charged black holes in $(2+1)$ dimensional gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics (NED). The metric function $f(r)$ is depicted, showing that there can be one or two horizons. We study black hole…
This work assembles some basic theoretical elements on thermal equilibrium, stability conditions, and fluctuation theory in self-gravitating systems illustrated with a few examples. Thermodynamics deals with states that have settled down…