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A quantum model of neural network is introduced and its phase structure is examined. The model is an extension of the classical Z(2) gauged neural network of learning and recalling to a quantum model by replacing the Z(2) variables, $S_i =…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Yukari Fujita , Tetsuo Matsui

We propose a new model of neural network. It consists of spin variables to describe the state of neurons as in the Hopfield model and new gauge variables to describe the state of synapses. The model possesses local gauge symmetry and…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-11-23 Tetsuo Matsui

We study general phase structures of neural-network models that have Z(2) local gauge symmetry. The Z(2) spin variable Si = \pm1 on the i-th site describes a neuron state as in the Hopfield model, and the Z(2) gauge variable Jij = \pm1…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2012-07-19 Yusuke Takafuji , Yuki Nakano , Tetsuo Matsui

We study the three-dimensional random Z(2) lattice gauge theory with Higgs field, which has the link Higgs coupling $c_1 SUS$ and the plaquette gauge coupling $c_2 UUUU$. The randomness is introduced by replacing $c_1 \to -c_1$ for each…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-02-03 Shunsuke Doi , Ryosuke Hamano , Teppei Kakisako , Keiko Takada , Tetsuo Matsui

We consider a system of two-level quantum quasi-spins and gauge bosons put on a 3+1D lattice. As a model of neural network of the brain functions, these spins describe neurons quantum-mechanically, and the gauge bosons describes weights of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-10-19 Shinya Sakane , Takashi Hiramatsu , Tetsuo Matsui

We introduce a three-dimensional vectorial extension of the Hopfield associative-memory model in which each neuron is a unit vector on $S^2$ and synaptic couplings are $3\times 3$ blocks generated through a vectorial Hebbian rule. The…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-12-10 F. Gallavotti , A. Zaccone

In the present paper we shall study (2+1) dimensional Z_N gauge theories on a lattice. It is shown that the gauge theories have two phases, one is a Higgs phase and the other is a confinement phase. We investigate low-energy excitation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Gaku Arakawa , Ikuo Ichinose

The standard Hopfield model for associative neural networks accounts for biological Hebbian learning and acts as the harmonic oscillator for pattern recognition, however its maximal storage capacity is $\alpha \sim 0.14$, far from the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Alberto Fachechi , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

Associative networks theory is increasingly providing tools to interpret update rules of artificial neural networks. At the same time, deriving neural learning rules from a solid theory remains a fundamental challenge. We make some steps in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-27 Daniele Lotito

Associative memories in the brain receive and store patterns of activity registered by the sensory neurons, and are able to retrieve them when necessary. Due to their importance in human intelligence, computational models of associative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Yujian Hong , Simon Frieder , Lei Sha , Zhenghua Xu , Rafal Bogacz , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Dense Associative Memories or Modern Hopfield Networks have many appealing properties of associative memory. They can do pattern completion, store a large number of memories, and can be described using a recurrent neural network with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Dmitry Krotov

A large number of neural network models of associative memory have been proposed in the literature. These include the classical Hopfield networks (HNs), sparse distributed memories (SDMs), and more recently the modern continuous Hopfield…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Beren Millidge , Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

Dense Associative Memories or modern Hopfield networks permit storage and reliable retrieval of an exponentially large (in the dimension of feature space) number of memories. At the same time, their naive implementation is non-biological,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-29 Dmitry Krotov , John Hopfield

The gap between the huge volumes of data needed to train artificial neural networks and the relatively small amount of data needed by their biological counterparts is a central puzzle in machine learning. Here, inspired by biological…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-04-19 Miriam Aquaro , Francesco Alemanno , Ido Kanter , Fabrizio Durante , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

The Hopfield model is a paradigmatic model of neural networks that has been analyzed for many decades in the statistical physics, neuroscience, and machine learning communities. Inspired by the manifold hypothesis in machine learning, we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-05-01 Matteo Negri , Clarissa Lauditi , Gabriele Perugini , Carlo Lucibello , Enrico Malatesta

Associative memory is a fundamental function in the brain. Here, we generalize the standard associative memory model to include long-range Hebbian interactions at the learning stage, corresponding to a large synaptic integration window. In…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-12-21 Jianwen Zhou , Zijian Jiang , Tianqi Hou , Ziming Chen , K Y Michael Wong , Haiping Huang

Neural networks are supposed to recognise blurred images (or patterns) of $N$ pixels (bits) each. Application of the network to an initial blurred version of one of $P$ pre-assigned patterns should converge to the correct pattern. In the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 Dietrich Stauffer , Amnon Aharony , Luciano da Fontoura Costa , Joan Adler

Uncovering the mechanisms behind long-term memory is one of the most fascinating open problems in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Artificial associative memory networks have been used to formalize important aspects of biological…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-20 Luca Ambrogioni

Hebbian synaptic plasticity inevitably leads to interference and forgetting when different, overlapping memory patterns are sequentially stored in the same network. Recent work on artificial neural networks shows that an…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-07-16 Michael Deistler , Martino Sorbaro , Michael E. Rule , Matthias H. Hennig

Recent works have highlighted the need for a new dynamical paradigm in the modeling of brain function and evolution. Specifically, these models should incorporate non-constant and asymmetric synaptic weights $T_{ij}$ in the neuron-neuron…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-03 Franco Cardin , Alberto Lovison , Amos Maritan , Aram Megighian
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