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Popular scientific summary -- The atmosphere of the Sun is envisioned as composed of inherently complex, non-homogeneous, and dynamic layers. A detailed understanding of the physical processes involved in these layers is still lacking. For…
This paper develops a comprehensive mathematical framework for energy-based modeling of physical systems, with particular emphasis on preserving fundamental structural properties throughout the modeling and discretization process. The…
The figure of the Sun reflects its inner structure and dynamics, influencing also the perihelion precession of close orbiting bodies, like Mercury. To study the solar figure from ground, the deformation on the solar image induced by the…
The study of stellar structure and evolution is one of the main building blocks of astrophysics, and the Sun has an importance both as the star that is most amenable to detailed study and as the star that has by far the biggest impact on…
The main small-scale elements observed in the solar photosphere at high resolution are discussed: granules, faculaes, micropores. As a separate element of the fine structure, a continuous network of dark intergranular gaps is considered.…
Stimulated by the recent debate on the physical relevance and on the predictivity of q-Gaussian formalism, we present specific analytical expressions for the parameters characterizing non-Gaussian distributions, such as the nonextensive…
The solar corona, anomalously hot outer atmosphere of the Sun, is traditionally described by magnetohydrodynamic, fluid-like approach. Here we review some recent developments when, instead, a full kinetic description is used. It is shown…
Extreme UltraViolet images of the corona contain information over a large range of spatial scales, and different structures such as active regions, quiet Sun and filament channels contain information at very different brightness regimes.…
The X-ray emission from the Sun reveals a very dynamic hot atmosphere, the corona, which is characterized by a complex morphology and broad range of timescales of variability and spatial structuring. The solar magnetic fields play a…
The solar atmosphere was traditionally represented with a simple one-dimensional model. Over the past few decades, this paradigm shifted for the chromosphere and corona that constitute the outer atmosphere, which is now considered a dynamic…
Helioseismology has revealed the internal density and rotation profiles of the Sun. Yet, knowledge of its magnetic fields and meridional circulation is confined much closer to the surface, and latitudinal entropy gradients are below…
In this paper, two models of interest for Celestial Mechanics are presented and analysed, using both analytic and numerical techniques, from the point of view of the possible presence of regular and/or chaotic motion, as well as the…
Recently there has been a lot of attention focussed on a virialized halo-based approach to understanding the properties of the matter and galaxy power spectrum. A key ingredient in this model is the number and distribution of galaxies…
Foundation models have demonstrated remarkable success across various scientific domains, motivating our exploration of their potential in solar physics. In this paper, we present Solaris, the first foundation model for forecasting the…
We introduce the ideal Gaussian glass-forming system as a model to describe the thermodynamics and dynamics of supercooled liquids on a local scale in terms of the properties of the potential energy landscape (PEL). The first ingredient is…
Marine stratocumulus cloud decks are regarded as the reflectors of the climate system, returning back to space a significant part of the income solar radiation, thus cooling the atmosphere. Such clouds can exist in two stable modes, open…
A study of the effects of non-extensivity on the modelling of atomic physics in hot dense plasmas is proposed within Tsallis' statistics. The electronic structure of the plasma is calculated through an average-atom model based on the…
The {\em hydrodynamic} approach to a continuum mechanical description of granular behavior is reviewed and elucidated. By considering energy and momentum conservation simultaneously, the general formalism of {\em hydrodynamics} provides a…
In this review, our present day understanding of the Sun's global photospheric and coronal magnetic fields is discussed from both observational and theoretical viewpoints. Firstly, the large-scale properties of photospheric magnetic fields…
Understanding structures and evolutions of the magnetic fields and plasma in multiple layers on the Sun is very important. A force-free magnetic field which is an accurate approximation of the solar corona due to the low plasma $\beta$ has…