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A new scheme of hard x-ray or gamma ray light is considered. The excitation of the Langmuir wave in an ultra dense electron beamm via the two-stream instabilities and the interaction of the excited Langmuir wave with the visible light-laser…
Spectroscopic techniques are essential for studying material properties, but the small cross-sections of some methods may result in low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in the collected spectra. In this article we present methods, based on…
X-ray binaries exhibit a wide range of properties but there are few accepted methods to determine the nature of the compact object. Color-Color-Intensity diagrams have been suggested as a means of distinguishing between systems containing…
Future X-ray telescopes like SIMBOL-X will operate in a wide band of the X-ray spectrum (from 0.1 to 80 keV); these telescopes will extend the optical performances of the existing soft X-ray telescopes to the hard X-ray band, and in…
A spectrograph is an optical instrument that disperses photons of different energies into distinct directions and space locations, and images photon spectra on a position-sensitive detector. Spectrographs consist of collimating, angular…
To take advantage of high-resolution optics sensitive to a broad energy range, future X-ray imaging instruments will require thick detectors with small pixels. This pixel aspect ratio affects spectral response in the soft X-ray band, vital…
As photon counting detectors are being explored for medical and industrial imaging applications, there is a critical need to understand spectral characteristics of scattered x-ray photons. Scattered radiation is detrimental to x-ray imaging…
Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) has become an important scientific tool. Nonetheless, conventional high-resolution RIXS measurements (<100 meV), especially in the soft x-ray range, require large and low-throughput grating…
This work is intended to provide an introduction to multiwavelength observations of low-mass X-ray binaries and the techniques used to analyze and interpret their data. The focus will primarily be on ultraviolet, optical, and infrared…
We present a new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations, which correctly accounts for the observational biases that affect the probability of detecting a source of a given X-ray flux, without the need to…
High mass X-ray binaries hold the promise of giving us understanding of the structure of the winds of their supermassive companion stars by using the emission from the compact object as a backlight to evaluate the variable absorption in the…
Doing quantitative computed tomography (CT) using Bremsstrahlung sources requires an estimate of the spectrum emitted by the X-ray source. One method of beam hardening correction (BHC), as described by Lifton[1], first uses transmission…
Gigahertz (GHz) imaging using hard X-rays ($\gtrsim$ 10 keV) can be useful to high-temperature plasma experiments, as well as research using coherent photons from synchrotron radiation and X-ray free electron lasers. GHz framing rate can be…
It is assumed that the unresolved fraction of the X-ray background (XRB) consists of a truly diffuse component and a population of the weak sources below the present detection threshold. Albeit these weak sources are not observed directly,…
The imaging performance of X-ray optics (expressed in terms of HEW, Half-Energy-Width) can be severely affected by X-ray scattering caused by the surface roughness of the mirrors. The impact of X-ray scattering has an increasing relevance…
Imaging with hard x-rays is an invaluable tool in medicine, biology, materials science, and cultural heritage. Propagation-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging and tomography have been mostly used to resolve micrometer-scale structures inside…
We outline some basics of imaging using both fully-coherent and partially-coherent X-ray beams, with an emphasis on phase-contrast imaging. We open with some of the basic notions of X-ray imaging, including the vacuum wave equations and the…
Scientists use imaging to identify objects of interest and infer properties of these objects. The locations of these objects are often measured with error, which when ignored leads to biased parameter estimates and inflated variance.…
We present calculations of the time lags and the coherence function of X-ray photons for a novel model of radiation emission from accretion powered, high-energy sources. Our model involves only Comptonization of soft photons injected near…
The method of obtaining confidence intervals on a subset of the total number of parameters (p) of a model used for fitting X-ray spectra is to perturb the best-fitting model until, for each parameter, a range is found for which the change…