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We study the solar energetic particle (SEP) event associated with the 2012 July 23 extreme solar storm, for which STEREO and the spacecraft at L1 provide multi-point remote sensing and in situ observations. The extreme solar storm, with a…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-31 Bei Zhu , Ying D. Liu , Janet G. Luhmann , Huidong Hu , Rui Wang , Zhongwei Yang

We study event-to-event variations in the abundance enhancements of the elements He through Pb for Fe-rich impulsive solar energetic-particle (SEP) events, and their relationship with properties of associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs)…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-01-06 Donald V. Reames , Edward W. Cliver , Stephen W. Kahler

Sixty years ago the first observation was published showing solar energetic particles (SEPs) with a sampling of chemical elements. Thus began study of the direct products of dynamic physics in the solar corona. As we have progressed from…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-08-19 Donald V. Reames

We study selected properties of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events as inferred from their associated radio emissions. We used a catalogue of 115 SEP events that consists of entries of proton intensity enhancements at one AU, with…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-08-12 A. Kouloumvakos , A. Nindos , E. Valtonen , C. E. Alissandrakis , O. Malandraki , P. Tsitsipis , A. Kontogeorgos , X. Moussas , A. Hillaris

Solar energetic particles (SEPs) can pose hazardous radiation risks to both humans and spacecraft electronics in space. Numerical modeling based on first principles offers valuable insights into the underlying physics of SEPs and provides…

Using the SIT (Suprathermal Ion Telescope) instrument on STEREO-A we have examined the abundance of the rare isotope 3He during the rising activity phase of solar cycle 24 between January 2010 and December 2011. We have identified six solar…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2013-07-25 R. Bucik , U. Mall , A. Korth , G. M. Mason , R. Gomez-Herrero

Solar energetic particle (SEP) events have been observed for decades in the interplanetary medium by spacecraft measuring the intensity of energetic ions and electrons. These intensities provide valuable information about particle…

Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are one of the most crucial aspects of space weather. Their prediction depends on various factors including the source solar eruptions such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The Geostationary…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-16 Sumanth A. Rotti , Petrus C. Martens

Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are an important product of solar activity. They are connected to solar active regions and flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), EUV waves, shocks, Type II and III radio emissions, and X-ray bursts. These…

Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) possess a high destructive potential as they pose multiple radiation hazards on Earth and onboard spacecrafts. The present work continues a series started with the paper by Borovikov et al.(2018) describing…

Space Physics · Physics 2019-11-27 D. Borovikov , I. V. Sokolov , Z. Huang , I. I. Roussev , T. I. Gombosi

Enhancements in 3He abundance, a characteristic feature of impulsive solar energetic particle (ISEP) events, are also frequently observed in gradual SEP (GSEP) events. Understanding the origin of this enrichment is crucial for identifying…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-21 R. Bucik , S. T. Hart , M. A. Dayeh , M. I. Desai , G. M. Mason , M. E. Wiedenbeck

Heavy ion ratio abundances in Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events, e.g.~Fe/O, often exhibit decreases over time. Using particle instruments on the ACE, SOHO and STEREO spacecraft, we analysed heavy ion data from 4 SEP events taking place…

Space Physics · Physics 2017-01-25 P. Zelina , S. Dalla , C. M. S. Cohen , R. A. Mewaldt

The injection, propagation and arrival of solar energetic particles (SEPs) during eruptive solar events is an important and current research topic of heliospheric physics. During the largest solar events, particles may have energies up to a…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-16 M. Battarbee , J. Guo , S. Dalla , R. Wimmer-Schweingruber , B. Swalwell , D. J. Lawrence

Abundances of elements comprising solar energetic particles (SEPs) come with two very different patterns. Historically called "impulsive" and "gradual" events, they have been studied for 40 years, 20 years by the Wind spacecraft. Gradual…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-01-06 Donald V. Reames

In this paper we examine a low-energy SEP event observed by IS$\odot$IS's Energetic Particle Instrument-Low (EPI-Lo) inside 0.18 AU on September 30, 2020. This small SEP event has a very interesting time profile and ion composition. Our…

Large solar energetic particle (SEP) events are thought to originate from the shocks driven by fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and thus generally accompanied by type II radio bursts. However, a significant proportion of type II radio…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-23 Xuchun Duan , Ting Li , Yingli Cui , Yijun Hou , Chuan Li , Nicolas Wijsen , Zelong Jiang , Yihua Yan , Suli Ma , Zheng Sun

One of the earliest indicators of the importance of shock acceleration of solar energetic particles (SEPs) was the broad spatial extent of the "gradual" SEP events produced as the shock waves, driven by wide, fast coronal mass ejections…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-31 Donald V. Reames

We investigate the solar phenomena associated with the origin of the solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed on 2013 April 11 by a number of spacecraft distributed in the inner heliosphere over a broad range of heliolongitudes. We use…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 D. Lario , N. E. Raouafi , R. -Y. Kwon , J. Zhang , R. Gomez-Herrero , N. Dresing , P. Riley

We propose a model for interpreting highly variable ion composition ratios in solar energetic particles (SEP) events recently observed by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) at $0.3 - 0.45$ astronomical unit. We use numerical simulations to calculate…

Impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events originate from the energy dissipation process in small solar flares. Anomalous abundances in impulsive SEP events provide an evidence on unique, yet unclear, acceleration mechanism. The…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-22 N. -H. Chen , R. Bučík , R. -S. Kim