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Icy interstellar dust grains are a source of complex organic molecule (COM) production, although their formation mechanisms are debated. Laboratory experiments show that atomic C deposited onto interstellar ice analogs can react with…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-27 Sydney A. Willis , Serge A. Krasnokutski , Nathaniel J. Morin , Robin T. Garrod

At the low temperatures of interstellar dust grains, it is well established that surface chemistry proceeds via diffusive mechanisms of H atoms weakly bound (physisorbed) to the surface. Until recently, however, it was unknown whether atoms…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2014-06-06 E. Congiu , M. Minissale , S. Baouche , H. Chaabouni , A. Moudens , S. Cazaux , G. Manicò , V. Pirronello , F. Dulieu

Observations of nearby galaxies have firmly established, over a broad range of galactic environments and metallicities, that star formation occurs exclusively in the molecular phase of the interstellar medium (ISM). Theoretical models show…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Mark R. Krumholz

Gas-phase hydroxylamine (NH$_2$OH) has recently been detected within dense clouds in the interstellar medium. However, it is also likely present within interstellar ices, as well as on the icy surfaces of outer Solar System bodies, where it…

We present the detection and analysis of molecular hydrogen emission toward ten interstellar regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We examined low-resolution infrared spectral maps of twelve regions obtained with the Spitzer infrared…

Hydroxyl ($\rm OH$) is known to form efficiently in cold gas ($T\sim 100$K) along with the molecule $\rm H_2$ and can be used as an efficient tracer of the diffuse molecular gas in the interstellar medium (ISM). Using a simple formalism…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-04-28 Sergei Balashev , Neeraj Gupta , Daria Kosenko

The recent wave of detections of interstellar aromatic molecules has sparked interest in the chemical behavior of aromatic molecules under astrophysical conditions. In most cases, these detections have been made through chemically related…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-07-07 April M. Miksch , Annalena Riffelt , Ricardo Oliveira , Johannes Kästner , Germán Molpeceres

We present numerical computations and analysis of atomic to molecular (HI-to-H$_2$) transitions in cool ($\sim$100 K) low-metallicity dust-free (primordial) gas, in which molecule formation occurs via cosmic-ray driven negative ion…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-10-27 Amiel Sternberg , Alon Gurman , Shmuel Bialy

The morphology of water ice in the interstellar medium is still an open question. Although accretion of gaseous water could not be the only possible origin of the observed icy mantles covering dust grains in cold molecular clouds, it is…

Molecular clouds are the cold regions of the Milky Way where stars form. They are enriched by rather complex molecules. Many of these molecules are believed to be synthesized on the icy surfaces of the interstellar submicron-sized dust…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-07-08 Stefano Pantaleone , Joan Enrique-Romero , Cecilia Ceccarelli , Piero Ugliengo , Nadia Balucani , Albert Rimola

Metals are the most common materials used in space technology. Metal structures, while used in space, are subjected to the full spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation together with particle irradiation. Hence, they undergo degradation.…

Space Physics · Physics 2014-05-30 Maciej Sznajder , Ulrich Geppert

Interstellar grains are known to be important actors in the formation of interstellar molecules such as H$_2$, water, ammonia, and methanol. It has been suggested that the so-called interstellar complex organic molecules (iCOMs) are also…

The internal energy available in vibrationally excited H2 molecules can be used to overcome or diminish the activation barrier of various chemical reactions of interest for molecular astrophysics. In this article we investigate in detail…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-18 M. Agundez , J. R. Goicoechea , J. Cernicharo , A. Faure , E. Roueff

Context: In the laboratory, hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) was proven to be an intermediate product in the solid-state reaction scheme that leads to the formation of water on icy dust grains. When HOOH desorbs from the icy grains, it can be…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-29 G. W. Fuchs , D. Witsch , D. Herberth , M. Kempkes , B. Stanclik , J. Chantzos , H. Linnartz , K. Menten , T. F. Giesen

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a sulfur-containing molecule expected to exist as a solid in the interstellar medium (ISM). In this study, we performed laboratory experiments and computational analyses on the surface reactions of solid SO2 with…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-11-15 Thanh Nguyen , Yasuhiro Oba , W. M. C. Sameera , Kenji Furuya , Naoki Watanabe

Physical conditions in dense and cold regions of interstellar clouds favour the formation of ice mantles on the surfaces of interstellar grains. It is predicted that most of the gaseous species heavier than H2 or He will adsorb onto the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-12 Oscar Morata , Tatsuhiko I. Hasegawa

We consider the possibility that solid molecular hydrogen is present in interstellar space. If so cosmic-rays and energetic photons cause ionisation in the solid leading to the formation of H6+. This ion is not produced by gas-phase…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-28 Ching Yeh Lin , Andrew T. B. Gilbert , Mark A. Walker

Carbon disulfide (CS$_2$) is one of the sulfur-bearing species expected to be present in the interstellar medium (ISM). In this study, we investigated the surface reactions of solid CS$_2$ with hydrogen (H) atoms on amorphous solid water…

The ULIRG Mrk 231 exhibits very strong water rotational lines between \lambda = 200-670\mu m, comparable to the strength of the CO rotational lines. High redshift quasars also show similar CO and H2O line properties, while starburst…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-03 R. Meijerink , S. Cazaux , M. Spaans

We use one-dimensional radiative transfer simulations to study the evolution of H_2 gas-phase (H^- catalyzed) formation and photo-dissociation regions in the primordial universe. We find a new positive feedback mechanism capable of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Massimo Ricotti , Nickolay Y. Gnedin , J. Michael Shull