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Teleoperation enables remote human support of automated vehicles in scenarios where the automation is not able to find an appropriate solution. Remote assistance concepts, where operators provide discrete inputs to aid specific automation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Nick Le Large , David Brecht , Willi Poh , Jan-Hendrik Pauls , Martin Lauer , Frank Diermeyer

Wheeled robots are highly efficient in human living environments. However, conventional wheeled designs, with their limited degrees of freedom and constraints in robot configuration, struggle to simultaneously achieve stability,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Ziqi Zhao , Peijia Xie , Max Q. -H. Meng

Over the last few years, research on autonomous systems has matured to such a degree that the field is increasingly well-positioned to translate research into practical, stakeholder-driven use cases across well-defined domains. However, for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Berkehan Ünal , Hauke Dierend , Dren Fazlija , Christopher Plachetka

Remote driving has emerged as a solution for enabling human intervention in scenarios where Automated Driving Systems (ADS) face challenges, particularly in urban Operational Design Domains (ODDs). This study evaluates the performance of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Ole Hans , Benedikt Walter , Jürgen Adamy

Wheeled robots are highly efficient in human living environments. However, conventional wheeled designs, limited by degrees of freedom, struggle to meet varying footprint needs and achieve omnidirectional mobility. This paper proposes a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Ziqi Zhao , Peijia Xie , Max Q. -H. Meng

Teleoperation is a key enabler for future mobility, supporting Automated Vehicles in rare and complex scenarios beyond the capabilities of their automation. Despite ongoing research, no open source software currently combines Remote…

Since Automated Driving Systems are not expected to operate flawlessly, Automated Vehicles will require human assistance in certain situations. For this reason, teleoperation offers the opportunity for a human to be remotely connected to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Maria-Magdalena Wolf , Richard Taupitz , Frank Diermeyer

In this paper, a steering action-aware Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) approach for teleoperated road vehicles is proposed. In order to keep the vehicle in a safe state, the ACC approach can override the human operator's velocity control…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Andreas Schimpe , Domagoj Majstorovic , Frank Diermeyer

Advanced driving functions, for assistance or full automation, require strong guarantees to be deployed. This means that such functions may not be available all the time, like now commercially available SAE Level 3 modes that are made…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-14 Richard Schubert , Marcus Nolte , Arnaud de La Fortelle , Markus Maurer

The agricultural sector increasingly relies on autonomous systems that operate in complex and variable environments. Unlike on-road applications, agricultural automation integrates driving and working processes, each of which imposes…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mirco Felske , Jannik Redenius , Georg Happich , Julius Schöning

Implementing a teleoperation system with its various actors and interactions is challenging and requires an overview of the necessary functions. This work collects all tasks that arise in a control center for an automated vehicle fleet from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Maria-Magdalena Wolf , Niklas Krauss , Arwed Schmidt , Frank Diermeyer

The goal of this paper is to introduce a new theoretical framework for Optimal Transport (OT), using the terminology and techniques of Fully Probabilistic Design (FPD). Optimal Transport is the canonical method for comparing probability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Sarah Boufelja Y. , Anthony Quinn , Martin Corless , Robert Shorten

Ensuring reliable performance in situations outside the Operational Design Domain (ODD) remains a primary challenge in devising resilient autonomous systems. We explore this challenge by introducing an approach for adapting probabilistic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Gricel Vázquez , Calum Imrie , Sepeedeh Shahbeigi , Nawshin Mannan Proma , Tian Gan , Victoria J Hodge , John Molloy , Simos Gerasimou

As robots become more common for both able-bodied individuals and those living with a disability, it is increasingly important that lay people be able to drive multi-degree-of-freedom platforms with low-dimensional controllers. One approach…

Because of the limitations of autonomous driving technologies, teleoperation is widely used in dangerous environments such as military operations. However, the teleoperated driving performance depends considerably on the driver's skill…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Younggeol Cho , Hyeonggeun Yun , Jinwon Lee , Arim Ha , Jihyeok Yun

Reliable traversable area segmentation in unstructured environments is critical for planning and decision-making in autonomous driving. However, existing data-driven approaches often suffer from degraded segmentation performance in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zhihua Zhao , Guoqiang Li , Chen Min , Kangping Lu

Tele-operated Driving (ToD) is a challenging use case for mobile network operators. Video captured by the built-in vehicle cameras must be streamed meeting a latency requirement of 5 ms with a 99.999% reliability. Although 5G offers high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Jorge Martín-Pérez , Carlos M. Lentisco , Luis Bellido , Ignacio Soto , David Fernández

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) promise a range of societal advantages, including broader access to mobility, reduced road accidents, and enhanced transportation efficiency. However, evaluating the risks linked to AVs is complex due to limited…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Alessandro Zanardi , Andrea Censi , Margherita Atzei , Luigi Di Lillo , Emilio Frazzoli

Operational Design Domains (ODDs) define the conditions under which an Automated Driving System (ADS) is allowed to operate, while Current Operational Domains (CODs) capture the actual runtime situation. Ensuring that a COD instance lies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Bassel Rafie , Christian Schindler , Andreas Rausch

Providing an accurate and efficient assessment of operative difficulty is important for designing robot-assisted teleoperation interfaces that are easy and natural for human operators to use. In this paper, we aim to develop a data-driven…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Ziheng Wang , Cong Feng , Jie Zhang , Ann Majewicz Fey