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With the rapid adoption of multimodal large language models (MLMs) in autonomous agents, cross-platform task execution capabilities in educational settings have garnered significant attention. However, existing benchmark frameworks still…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zixian Liu , Sihao Liu , Yuqi Zhao

As multimodal large language models (MLLMs) advance, MLLM-based virtual agents have demonstrated remarkable performance. However, existing benchmarks face significant limitations, including uncontrollable task complexity, extensive manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wendong Bu , Yang Wu , Qifan Yu , Minghe Gao , Bingchen Miao , Zhenkui Zhang , Kaihang Pan , Yunfei Li , Mengze Li , Wei Ji , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

AI agents have drawn increasing attention mostly on their ability to perceive environments, understand tasks, and autonomously achieve goals. To advance research on AI agents in mobile scenarios, we introduce the Android Multi-annotation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Yuxiang Chai , Siyuan Huang , Yazhe Niu , Han Xiao , Liang Liu , Dingyu Zhang , Shuai Ren , Hongsheng Li

GUI-based models extracted from Android app execution traces, events, or source code can be extremely useful for challenging tasks such as the generation of scenarios or test cases. However, extracting effective models can be an expensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-01-22 Mario Linares-Vasquez , Martin White , Carlos Bernal-Cardenas , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk

Generating a game is not the same as making one that can be played. Despite advances in code generation, existing approaches treat game generation as one-shot translation from prompt to artifact, leaving interaction-level failures…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yixu Huang , Bo Li , Na Li , Zhe Wang , Kaijie Chen , Haonan Ge , Qingyi Si , Yuanzhe Shen , Ruihan Yang , Guangjing Wang , Hongcheng Guo

Computer-use agents (CUAs) automate on-screen work, as illustrated by GPT-5.4 and Claude. Yet their reliability on complex, low-frequency interactions is still poor, limiting user trust. Our analysis of failure cases from advanced models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Miaosen Zhang , Xiaohan Zhao , Zhihong Tan , Zhou Huoshen , Yijia Fan , Yifan Yang , Kai Qiu , Bei Liu , Justin Wagle , Chenzhong Yin , Mingxi Cheng , Ji Li , Qi Dai , Chong Luo , Xu Yang , Xin Geng , Baining Guo

Autonomous Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents often struggle with multi-step tasks due to constrained context windows and static policies that fail to adapt to dynamic environments. To address these limitations, this work proposes the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shilong Jin , Lanjun Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents adopt an end-to-end paradigm that maps a screenshot to an action sequence, thereby automating repetitive tasks in virtual environments. However, existing GUI agents are evaluated almost exclusively on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Chunyi Li , Longfei Li , Zicheng Zhang , Xiaohong Liu , Min Tang , Weisi Lin , Guangtao Zhai

As multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) frequently exhibit errors when solving scientific problems, evaluating the validity of their reasoning processes is critical for ensuring reliability and uncovering fine-grained model weaknesses.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jiaxin Ai , Pengfei Zhou , Zhaopan Xu , Ming Li , Fanrui Zhang , Zizhen Li , Jianwen Sun , Yukang Feng , Baojin Huang , Zhongyuan Wang , Kaipeng Zhang

Autonomous graphical user interface (GUI) agents aim to facilitate task automation by interacting with the user interface without manual intervention. Recent studies have investigated eliciting the capabilities of large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Zhuosheng Zhang , Aston Zhang

As LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed in real-life scenarios, existing benchmarks fail to capture their inherent complexity of handling extensive information, leveraging diverse resources, and managing dynamic user interactions. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Wei He , Yueqing Sun , Hongyan Hao , Xueyuan Hao , Zhikang Xia , Qi Gu , Chengcheng Han , Dengchang Zhao , Hui Su , Kefeng Zhang , Man Gao , Xi Su , Xiaodong Cai , Xunliang Cai , Yu Yang , Yunke Zhao

Recent advancements in Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have predominantly focused on training paradigms like supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL). However, the challenge of high-dynamic GUI environments remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enqi Liu , Liyuan Pan , Zhi Gao , Yan Yang , Chenrui Shi , Yang Liu , Jingrong Wu , Qing Li

The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has sparked growing interest in building Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) within Graphical User Interface (GUI) environments. However, existing GUI agents based on LLMs or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Runliang Niu , Jinglong Ji , Yi Chang , Qi Wang

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled agents to operate in open-ended web and operating system environments. However, existing benchmarks predominantly target consumer-oriented scenarios (e.g., e-commerce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ying Mo , Yu Bai , Dapeng Sun , Yuqian Shi , Yukai Miao , Li Chen , Dan Li

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models has enabled agents to operate mobile devices by directly interacting with graphical user interfaces, opening new possibilities for mobile automation. However, real-world mobile tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yuanyi Song , Heyuan Huang , Qiqiang Lin , Yin Zhao , Xiangmou Qu , Jun Wang , Xingyu Lou , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Jun Wang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang , Zhaoxiang Wang

Given the significant advances in Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) in reasoning and visual understanding, mobile agents are rapidly emerging to meet users' automation needs. However, existing evaluation benchmarks are disconnected from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Zeyu Huang , Juyuan Wang , Longfeng Chen , Boyi Xiao , Leng Cai , Yawen Zeng , Jin Xu

LLM-powered agents are both a promising new technology and a source of complexity, where choices about models, tools, and prompting can affect their usefulness. While numerous benchmarks measure agent accuracy across domains, they mostly…

Manual software beta testing is costly and time-consuming, while single-agent large language model (LLM) approaches suffer from hallucinations and inconsistent behavior. We propose a multi-agent committee framework in which diverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Sumanth Bharadwaj Hachalli Karanam , Dhiwahar Adhithya Kennady

With the advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) and coding agents, the website development has shifted from manual programming to agent-based project-level code synthesis. Existing benchmarks rely on idealized assumptions,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Qiyao Wang , Haoran Hu , Longze Chen , Hongbo Wang , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Yuan Lin , Min Yang