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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have revolutionized GUI automation, yet their efficacy is largely established on idealized, single-layer interfaces. This paper identifies a critical reliability gap: state-of-the-art agents face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haoren Zhao , Tianyi Chen , Zhen Wang

Existing Graphical User Interface (GUI) reasoning tasks remain challenging, particularly in UI understanding. Current methods typically rely on direct screen-based decision-making, which lacks interpretability and overlooks a comprehensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Songze Li , Xiaoke Guo , Tianqi Liu , Biao Yi , Zhaoyan Gong , Zhiqiang Liu , Huajun Chen , Wen Zhang

Automated UI evaluation can be beneficial for the design process; for example, to compare different UI designs, or conduct automated heuristic evaluation. LLM-based UI evaluation, in particular, holds the promise of generalizability to a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Peitong Duan , Chin-yi Chen , Gang Li , Bjoern Hartmann , Yang Li

The process of developing a mobile application typically starts with the ideation and conceptualization of its user interface. This concept is then translated into a set of mock-ups to help determine how well the user interface embodies the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Carlos Bernal-Cardenas , Kevin Moran , Michele Tufano , Zichang Liu , Linyong Nan , Zhehan Shi , Denys Poshyvanyk

Contemporary GUI agents, while increasingly capable due to advances in Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs), often operate with a critical limitation: they treat each task in isolation, lacking a mechanism to systematically learn from past…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Runze Li , Yuwen Zhai , Bo Xu , LiWu Xu , Nian Shi , Wei Zhang , Ran Lin , Liang Wang

Mobile app GUI (Graphical User Interface) pages now contain rich visual information, with the visual semantics of each page helping users understand the application logic. However, these complex visual and functional logic present new…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Zhe Liu , Cheng Li , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Mengzhuo Chen , Boyu Wu , Yawen Wang , Jun Hu , Qing Wang

Automatic generators of GUI tests often fail to generate semantically relevant test cases, and thus miss important test scenarios. To address this issue, test adaptation techniques can be used to automatically generate semantically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Leonardo Mariani , Mauro Pezzè , Valerio Terragni , Daniele Zuddas

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), mobile agents have emerged as promising tools for phone automation, simulating human interactions on screens to accomplish complex tasks. However, these agents often suffer from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shiquan Zhang , Tianyi Zhang , Le Fang , Simon D'Alfonso , Hong Jia , Vassilis Kostakos

Computer-use agents that combine GUI interaction with structured API calls via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) show promise for automating software tasks. However, existing approaches lack a principled understanding of how agents should…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tiantian He , Yihang Chen , Keyue Jiang , Ka Yiu Lee , Kaiwen Zhou , Kun Shao , Shuai Wang

This paper introduces GUI-Owl, a foundational GUI agent model that achieves state-of-the-art performance among open-source end-to-end models on ten GUI benchmarks across desktop and mobile environments, covering grounding, question…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jiabo Ye , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Haowei Liu , Junyang Wang , Zhaoqing Zhu , Ziwei Zheng , Feiyu Gao , Junjie Cao , Zhengxi Lu , Jitong Liao , Qi Zheng , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou , Ming Yan

Block-based programming environments such as Scratch play a central role in low-code education, yet evaluating the capabilities of AI agents to construct programs through Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) remains underexplored. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Xingyi Zhang , Yulei Ye , Kaifeng Huang , Wenhao Li , Xiangfeng Wang

The importance of mobile application (app) quality insurance is increasing with the rapid development of the mobile Internet. Automated test generation approaches, as a dominant direction of app quality insurance, follow specific models or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Shengcheng Yu , Chunrong Fang , Mingzhe Du , Zimin Ding , Zhenyu Chen , Zhendong Su

General virtual agents need to handle multimodal observations, master complex action spaces, and self-improve in dynamic, open-domain environments. However, existing environments are often domain-specific and require complex setups, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Longtao Zheng , Zhiyuan Huang , Zhenghai Xue , Xinrun Wang , Bo An , Shuicheng Yan

Shortcuts such as APIs and deep-links have emerged as efficient complements to flexible GUI operations, fostering a promising hybrid paradigm for MLLM-based mobile automation. However, systematic evaluation of GUI-shortcut hybrid agents…

Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding, the process of mapping human instructions to GUI actions, serves as a fundamental basis to autonomous GUI agents. While existing grounding models achieve promising performance to simulate the mouse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zeyi Liao , Yadong Lu , Boyu Gou , Huan Sun , Ahmed Awadallah

In this work, we propose GUIPilot, an approach for detecting inconsistencies between the mobile design and their implementations. The mobile design usually consists of design mock-ups that specify (1) the expected screen appearances (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ruofan Liu , Xiwen Teoh , Yun Lin , Guanjie Chen , Ruofei Ren , Denys Poshyvanyk , Jin Song Dong

Reliability is key to realizing the promise of autonomous UI-Agents, multimodal agents that directly interact with apps in the same manner as humans, as users must be able to trust an agent to complete a given task. Current evaluations rely…

Context. Multiple automated techniques have been proposed and developed for mobile application GUI testing aiming to improve effectiveness, efficiency, and practicality. The effectiveness, efficiency, and practicality are 3 fundamental…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Yauhen Leanidavich Arnatovich , Lipo Wang

Software testing is a crucial phase in software development, enabling the detection of issues and defects that may arise during the development process. Addressing these issues enhances software applications' quality, reliability, user…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Giacomo Garaccione , Tommaso Fulcini , Paolo Stefanut Bodnarescul , Riccardo Coppola , Luca Ardito

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown strong potential as multilingual Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, as evidenced by existing GUI benchmarks. However, these benchmarks exhibit two primary limitations: (1) although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ruihan Chen , Qiming Li , Xiaocheng Feng , Weihong Zhong , Xiaoliang Yang , Yuxuan Gu , Zekun Zhou , Yunfei Lu , Haoyu Ren , Kun Chen , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin