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Large language models are increasingly used for mental health support, yet little is known about whether their responses are psychologically safe across different help-seeking styles. We examine a foundational distinction in emotional…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Vivienne Bihe Chi , Adithya V Ganesan , Ryan L Boyd , Lyle Ungar , Sharath Chandra Guntuku

Interpersonal communication plays a key role in managing people's emotions, especially on digital platforms. Studies have shown that people use social media and consume online content to regulate their emotions and find support for rest and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Akriti Verma , Shama Islam , Valeh Moghaddam , Adnan Anwar , Sharon Horwood

Empathetic dialogue is a human-like behavior that requires the perception of both affective factors (e.g., emotion status) and cognitive factors (e.g., cause of the emotion). Besides concerning emotion status in early work, the latest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Yushan Qian , Bo Wang , Ting-En Lin , Yinhe Zheng , Ying Zhu , Dongming Zhao , Yuexian Hou , Yuchuan Wu , Yongbin Li

Counseling typically takes the form of spoken conversation between a therapist and a client. The empathy level expressed by the therapist is considered to be an essential quality factor of counseling outcome. This paper proposes a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-29 Dehua Tao , Tan Lee , Harold Chui , Sarah Luk

Empathy is a vital factor that contributes to mutual understanding, and joint problem-solving. In recent years, a growing number of studies have recognized the benefits of empathy and started to incorporate empathy in conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Yinping Yang

Artificial intelligence based chatbots have brought unprecedented business potential. This study aims to explore consumers trust and response to a text-based chatbot in ecommerce, involving the moderating effects of task complexity and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Xusen Cheng , Ying Bao , Alex Zarifis , Wankun Gong , Jian Mou

The double empathy problem recasts the difficulty of forming empathy bonds in social interactions between autistic and neurotypical individuals as a bidirectional problem, rather than due to a deficit exclusive to the person on the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-04 Enrique Calderoli , Maria Cristina Varriale , Flávio Kapczinski

Affect preferences vary with user demographics, and tapping into demographic information provides important cues about the users' language preferences. In this paper, we utilize the user demographics, and propose EmpathBERT, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Bhanu Prakash Reddy Guda , Aparna Garimella , Niyati Chhaya

With the advancements in social robotics and virtual avatars, it becomes increasingly important that these agents adapt their behavior to the mood, feelings and personality of their users. One such aspect of the user is empathy. Whereas…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Maryam Alimardani , Annabella Hermans , Angelica M. Tinga

As AI chatbots increasingly incorporate empathy, understanding user-centered perceptions of chatbot empathy and its impact on conversation quality remains essential yet under-explored. This study examines how chatbot identity and perceived…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Tingting Liu , Salvatore Giorgi , Ankit Aich , Allison Lahnala , Brenda Curtis , Lyle Ungar , João Sedoc

Until now mean-field-type game theory was not focused on cognitively-plausible models of choices in humans, animals, machines, robots, software-defined and mobile devices strategic interactions. This work presents some effects of users'…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Giulia Rossi , Alain Tcheukam , Hamidou Tembine

Empathy is a critical factor in fostering positive user experiences in conversational AI. While models can display empathy, it is often generic rather than tailored to specific tasks and contexts. In this work, we introduce a novel…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Erfan Shayegani , Jina Suh , Andy Wilson , Nagu Rangan , Javier Hernandez

In recent years, online communities have formed around suicide and self-harm prevention. While these communities offer support in moment of crisis, they can also normalize harmful behavior, discourage professional treatment, and instigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-20 Luca Soldaini , Timothy Walsh , Arman Cohan , Julien Han , Nazli Goharian

Empathetic Conversational Systems (ECS) are built to respond empathetically to the user's emotions and sentiments, regardless of the application domain. Current ECS studies evaluation approaches are restricted to offline evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Siyuan Brandon Loh

Empathy is central to human connection, yet people often struggle to express it effectively. In blinded evaluations, large language models (LLMs) generate responses that are often judged more empathic than human-written ones. Yet when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aakriti Kumar , Nalin Poungpeth , Diyi Yang , Bruce Lambert , Matthew Groh

This paper investigates the empathetic responding capabilities of ChatGPT, particularly its latest iteration, GPT-4, in comparison to human-generated responses to a wide range of emotional scenarios, both positive and negative. We employ a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Anuradha Welivita , Pearl Pu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for emotional support and mental health-related interactions outside clinical settings, yet little is known about how people evaluate and relate to these systems in everyday use. We analyze…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Elham Aghakhani , Rezvaneh Rezapour

Challenges, such as a lack of information for emergency decision-making, time pressure, and limited knowledge of experts acting as decision-makers (DMs), can result in the generation of poor or inconsistent indirect information regarding…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-28 Simin Shen , Zaiwu Gong , Bin Zhou , Roman Słowiński

A key trait of daily conversations between individuals is the ability to express empathy towards others, and exploring ways to implement empathy is a crucial step towards human-like dialogue systems. Previous approaches on this topic mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Sahand Sabour , Chujie Zheng , Minlie Huang

A recent trend in the domain of open-domain conversational agents is enabling them to converse empathetically to emotional prompts. Current approaches either follow an end-to-end approach or condition the responses on similar emotion labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Anuradha Welivita , Pearl Pu