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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have advanced rapidly in multimodal perception and language understanding, yet it remains unclear whether they can reliably ground language into spatially coherent, plausibly executable actions in 3D digital…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Niyati Rawal , Sushant Ravva , Shah Alam Abir , Saksham Jain , Aman Chadha , Vinija Jain , Suranjana Trivedy , Amitava Das

Embodied intelligence is advancing rapidly, driving the need for efficient evaluation. Current benchmarks typically rely on interactive simulated environments or real-world setups, which are costly, fragmented, and hard to scale. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Jiahao Xiao , Jianbo Zhang , BoWen Yan , Shengyu Guo , Tongrui Ye , Kaiwei Zhang , Zicheng Zhang , Xiaohong Liu , Zhengxue Cheng , Lei Fan , Chuyi Li , Guangtao Zhai

This thesis introduces "Embodied Spatial Intelligence" to address the challenge of creating robots that can perceive and act in the real world based on natural language instructions. To bridge the gap between Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jiading Fang

The ability to understand and reason about spatial relationships between objects in images is an important component of visual reasoning. This skill rests on the ability to recognize and localize objects of interest and determine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

General-purposed embodied agents are designed to understand the users' natural instructions or intentions and act precisely to complete universal tasks. Recently, methods based on foundation models especially Vision-Language-Action models…

Reasoning about dynamic spatial relationships is essential, as both observers and objects often move simultaneously. Although vision-language models (VLMs) and visual expertise models excel in 2D tasks and static scenarios, their ability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ziang Zhang , Zehan Wang , Guanghao Zhang , Weilong Dai , Yan Xia , Ziang Yan , Minjie Hong , Zhou Zhao

Vision-language models (VLMs) struggle with 3D-related tasks such as spatial cognition and physical understanding, which are crucial for real-world applications like robotics and embodied agents. We attribute this to a modality gap between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yifan Liu , Fangneng Zhan , Kaichen Zhou , Yilun Du , Paul Pu Liang , Hanspeter Pfister

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred numerous attempts to apply these technologies to embodied tasks, particularly focusing on high-level task planning and task decomposition. To further explore this area, we…

Visual Spatial Reasoning (VSR) is a core human cognitive ability and a critical requirement for advancing embodied intelligence and autonomous systems. Despite recent progress in Vision-Language Models (VLMs), achieving human-level VSR…

3D spatial reasoning is the ability to analyze and interpret the positions, orientations, and spatial relationships of objects within the 3D space. This allows models to develop a comprehensive understanding of the 3D scene, enabling their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Wufei Ma , Haoyu Chen , Guofeng Zhang , Yu-Cheng Chou , Jieneng Chen , Celso M de Melo , Alan Yuille

Embodied learning for object-centric robotic manipulation is a rapidly developing and challenging area in embodied AI. It is crucial for advancing next-generation intelligent robots and has garnered significant interest recently. Unlike…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Ying Zheng , Lei Yao , Yuejiao Su , Yi Zhang , Yi Wang , Sicheng Zhao , Yiyi Zhang , Lap-Pui Chau

The realization of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) necessitates Embodied AI agents capable of robust spatial perception, effective task planning, and adaptive execution in physical environments. However, current large language models…

Embodied agents operating in the physical world must make decisions that are not only effective but also safe, spatially coherent, and grounded in context. While recent advances in large multimodal models (LMMs) have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dinura Dissanayake , Ahmed Heakl , Omkar Thawakar , Noor Ahsan , Ritesh Thawkar , Ketan More , Jean Lahoud , Rao Anwer , Hisham Cholakkal , Ivan Laptev , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Salman Khan

Humans can perceive and reason about spatial relationships from sequential visual observations, such as egocentric video streams. However, how pretrained models acquire such abilities, especially high-level reasoning, remains unclear. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Baining Zhao , Ziyou Wang , Jianjie Fang , Chen Gao , Fanhang Man , Jinqiang Cui , Xin Wang , Xinlei Chen , Yong Li , Wenwu Zhu

Understanding the capability bottlenecks of embodied multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is crucial for improving embodied agents. However, existing embodied benchmarks mainly focus on task-level evaluation and fail to provide…

Embodied agents are expected to assist humans by actively exploring unknown environments and reasoning about spatial contexts. When deployed in real life, agents often face sequential tasks where each new task follows the completion of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zhongyi Cai , Yi Du , Chen Wang , Yu Kong

4D spatial intelligence involves perceiving and processing how objects move or change over time. Humans naturally possess 4D spatial intelligence, supporting a broad spectrum of spatial reasoning abilities. To what extent can Multimodal…

The emergence of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has driven breakthroughs in egocentric vision applications. These applications necessitate persistent, context-aware understanding of objects, as users interact with tools in dynamic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yuqian Yuan , Ronghao Dang , Long Li , Wentong Li , Dian Jiao , Xin Li , Deli Zhao , Fan Wang , Wenqiao Zhang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made groundbreaking progress in embodied intelligence, they still face significant challenges in spatial reasoning for complex long-horizon tasks. To address this gap, we propose…

Embodied Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and generalization in robotics, particularly within Vision-Language-Action frameworks. However, a significant gap remains between the high-level semantic focus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ruowen Zhao , Bangguo Li , Zuyan Liu , Yinan Liang , Junliang Ye , Fangfu Liu , Diankun Wu , Zhengyi Wang , Xumin Yu , Yongming Rao , Han Hu , Jun Zhu