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Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) integrate image encoders with Large Language Models (LLMs) to process multi-modal inputs and perform complex visual tasks. However, they often generate hallucinations by describing non-existent objects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yaqi Sun , Kyohei Atarashi , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima

Unsupervised hallucination detection aims to identify hallucinated content generated by large language models (LLMs) without relying on labeled data. While unsupervised methods have gained popularity by eliminating labor-intensive human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Ponhvoan Srey , Xiaobao Wu , Anh Tuan Luu

Language models, particularly generative models, are susceptible to hallucinations, generating outputs that contradict factual knowledge or the source text. This study explores methods for detecting hallucinations in three SemEval-2024 Task…

Hallucinations are a common issue that undermine the reliability of large language models (LLMs). Recent studies have identified a specific subset of hallucinations, known as confabulations, which arise due to predictive uncertainty of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Mykyta Ielanskyi , Kajetan Schweighofer , Lukas Aichberger , Sepp Hochreiter

Neural sequence generation models are known to "hallucinate", by producing outputs that are unrelated to the source text. These hallucinations are potentially harmful, yet it remains unclear in what conditions they arise and how to mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Weijia Xu , Sweta Agrawal , Eleftheria Briakou , Marianna J. Martindale , Marine Carpuat

Hallucination remains a key obstacle to the reliable deployment of large language models (LLMs) in real-world question answering tasks. A widely adopted strategy to detect hallucination, known as self-assessment, relies on the model's own…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jinyuan Luo , Zhen Fang , Yixuan Li , Seongheon Park , Ling Chen

Web image datasets curated online inherently contain ambiguous in-distribution (ID) instances and out-of-distribution (OOD) instances, which we collectively call non-conforming (NC) instances. In many recent approaches for mitigating the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Xia Huang , Kai Fong Ernest Chong

Empirical risk minimization (ERM) with a computationally feasible surrogate loss is a widely accepted approach for classification. Notably, the convexity and calibration (CC) properties of a loss function ensure consistency of ERM in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-05 Ben Dai

Recent work has demonstrated state-of-the-art results in large language model (LLM) hallucination detection and mitigation through consistency-based approaches which involve aggregating multiple responses sampled from a single LLM for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Demian Till , John Smeaton , Peter Haubrick , Gouse Saheb , Florian Graef , David Berman

Diffusion language models (DLMs) expose their denoising trajectories, offering a natural handle for inference-time control; accordingly, an ideal hallucination mitigation framework should intervene during generation using this model-native…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yash Shah , Abhijit Chakraborty , Naresh Kumar Devulapally , Vishnu Lokhande , Vivek Gupta

Vision-language models (VLMs) now rival human performance on many multimodal tasks, yet they still hallucinate objects or generate unsafe text. Current hallucination detectors, e.g., single-token linear probing (LP) and PTrue, typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Geigh Zollicoffer , Minh Vu , Manish Bhattarai

Large language models (LLMs) are known to "hallucinate" by generating false or misleading outputs. Hallucinations pose various harms, from erosion of trust to widespread misinformation. Existing hallucination evaluation, however, focuses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Prakhar Ganesh , Reza Shokri , Golnoosh Farnadi

Hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) pose significant safety concerns that impede their broader deployment. Recent research in hallucination detection has demonstrated that LLMs' internal representations contain truthfulness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mengjia Niu , Hamed Haddadi , Guansong Pang

Deploying LLMs raises two coupled challenges: (1) monitoring--estimating where a model underperforms as traffic and domains drift--and (2) improvement--prioritizing data acquisition to close the largest performance gaps. We test whether an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Pedro Memoli Buffa , Luciano Del Corro

Scalability issue plays a crucial role in productionizing modern recommender systems. Even lightweight architectures may suffer from high computational overload due to intermediate calculations, limiting their practicality in real-world…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Gleb Mezentsev , Danil Gusak , Ivan Oseledets , Evgeny Frolov

Large language models have shown impressive capabilities in code generation, yet they often produce functionally incorrect code. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods have emerged as a promising approach for detecting hallucinations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Dylan Bouchard , Mohit Singh Chauhan , Zeya Ahmad , Ho-Kyeong Ra

We introduce a simple, yet novel entropy-based framework to drive token efficiency in large language models during reasoning tasks. Our approach uses Shannon entropy from token-level logprobs as a confidence signal to enable early stopping,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Aman Sharma , Paras Chopra

Large language models (LLMs) have experienced notable advancements in generating coherent and contextually relevant responses. However, hallucinations - incorrect or unfounded claims - are still prevalent, prompting the creation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Robert Friel , Atindriyo Sanyal

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in tool calling and tool usage, but suffer from hallucinations where they choose incorrect tools, provide malformed parameters and exhibit 'tool bypass' behavior by performing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Kait Healy , Bharathi Srinivasan , Visakh Madathil , Jing Wu

With the large-scale adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various applications, there is a growing reliability concern due to their tendency to generate inaccurate text, i.e. hallucinations. In this work, we propose Cross-Layer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Malavika Suresh , Rahaf Aljundi , Ikechukwu Nkisi-Orji , Nirmalie Wiratunga