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We introduce a simple modification to the embedding layer. The key change is to infuse token embeddings with information about their spelling. Models trained with these embeddings improve not only on spelling, but also across standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Markus N. Rabe , Judith Clymo , Zheren Dong

This position paper argues that text embedding research should move beyond surface meaning and embrace implicit semantics as a central modeling objective. Text embeddings are a foundational component of modern NLP, underpinning a wide range…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yiqun Sun , Qiang Huang , Anthony K. H. Tung , Jun Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems. However, deploying LLM agents in consequential applications requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 I. de Zarzà , J. de Curtò , Jordi Cabot , Pietro Manzoni , Carlos T. Calafate

Embodied intelligence is advancing rapidly, driving the need for efficient evaluation. Current benchmarks typically rely on interactive simulated environments or real-world setups, which are costly, fragmented, and hard to scale. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Jiahao Xiao , Jianbo Zhang , BoWen Yan , Shengyu Guo , Tongrui Ye , Kaiwei Zhang , Zicheng Zhang , Xiaohong Liu , Zhengxue Cheng , Lei Fan , Chuyi Li , Guangtao Zhai

In the large language model (LLM) revolution, embedding is a key component of various systems, such as retrieving knowledge or memories for LLMs or building content moderation filters. As such cases span from English to other natural or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Xin Zhang , Zehan Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Effective representation of data is crucial in various machine learning tasks, as it captures the underlying structure and context of the data. Embeddings have emerged as a powerful technique for data representation, but evaluating their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Sarwan Ali

With the rapid advancement of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), several diagnostic benchmarks have recently been developed to assess these models' multi-modal reasoning proficiency. However, these benchmarks are restricted to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Sanjoy Chowdhury , Sayan Nag , Subhrajyoti Dasgupta , Yaoting Wang , Mohamed Elhoseiny , Ruohan Gao , Dinesh Manocha

As audio-visual systems are being deployed for safety-critical tasks such as surveillance and malicious content filtering, their robustness remains an under-studied area. Existing published work on robustness either does not scale to…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Juncheng B Li , Shuhui Qu , Xinjian Li , Po-Yao Huang , Florian Metze

Embedding models are crucial for various natural language processing tasks but can be limited by factors such as limited vocabulary, lack of context, and grammatical errors. This paper proposes a novel approach to improve embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Nicholas Harris , Anand Butani , Syed Hashmy

Large language models (LLMs) provide detailed and impressive responses to queries in English. However, are they really consistent at responding to the same query in other languages? The popular way of evaluating for multilingual performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ashim Gupta , Maitrey Mehta , Zhichao Xu , Vivek Srikumar

The organization of latent token representations plays a crucial role in determining the stability, generalization, and contextual consistency of language models, yet conventional approaches to embedding refinement often rely on parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Meiquan Dong , Haoran Liu , Yan Huang , Zixuan Feng , Jianhong Tang , Ruoxi Wang

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have significantly improved medical AI, enabling it to unify the understanding of visual and textual information. However, as medical knowledge continues to evolve, it is critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Dexuan Xu , Jieyi Wang , Zhongyan Chai , Yongzhi Cao , Hanpin Wang , Huamin Zhang , Yu Huang

As a research community, we are still lacking a systematic understanding of the progress on adversarial robustness which often makes it hard to identify the most promising ideas in training robust models. A key challenge in benchmarking…

Embedding-based neural topic models could explicitly represent words and topics by embedding them to a homogeneous feature space, which shows higher interpretability. However, there are no explicit constraints for the training of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Wei Shao , Lei Huang , Shuqi Liu , Shihua Ma , Linqi Song

The Semantic Layered Embedding Diffusion (SLED) mechanism redefines the representation of hierarchical semantics within transformer-based architectures, enabling enhanced contextual consistency across a wide array of linguistic tasks. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Irin Kabakum , Thomas Montgomery , Daniel Ravenwood , Genevieve Harrington

Self-modulating mechanisms introduce dynamic adaptation capabilities within language models through contextual realignment strategies that influence token embedding trajectories across extended sequences. Contextual Flux is explored as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Henry Evidail , Zachary Mountebank , Alistair Hathersage , Peter Stanhope , Basil Ravenscroft , Tobias Waddingham

Universal multimodal embedding models have achieved great success in capturing semantic relevance between queries and candidates. However, current methods either condense queries and candidates into a single vector, potentially limiting the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zilin Xiao , Qi Ma , Mengting Gu , Chun-cheng Jason Chen , Xintao Chen , Vicente Ordonez , Vijai Mohan

Joint visual and language modeling on large-scale datasets has recently shown good progress in multi-modal tasks when compared to single modal learning. However, robustness of these approaches against real-world perturbations has not been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Madeline C. Schiappa , Shruti Vyas , Hamid Palangi , Yogesh S. Rawat , Vibhav Vineet

Embedders play a central role in machine learning, projecting any object into numerical representations that can, in turn, be leveraged to perform various downstream tasks. The evaluation of embedding models typically depends on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Maxime Darrin , Philippe Formont , Ismail Ben Ayed , Jackie CK Cheung , Pablo Piantanida

Learning multimodal representations involves integrating information from multiple heterogeneous sources of data. It is a challenging yet crucial area with numerous real-world applications in multimedia, affective computing, robotics,…

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