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Large language model (LLM)-based systems are becoming increasingly popular for solving tasks by constructing executable workflows that interleave LLM calls, information retrieval, tool use, code execution, memory updates, and verification.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ling Yue , Kushal Raj Bhandari , Ching-Yun Ko , Dhaval Patel , Shuxin Lin , Nianjun Zhou , Jianxi Gao , Pin-Yu Chen , Shaowu Pan

Evaluating large language models (LLM) in clinical scenarios is crucial to assessing their potential clinical utility. Existing benchmarks rely heavily on static question-answering, which does not accurately depict the complex, sequential…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Samuel Schmidgall , Rojin Ziaei , Carl Harris , Eduardo Reis , Jeffrey Jopling , Michael Moor

Agentic AI enables LLM to dynamically reason, plan, and interact with tools to solve complex tasks. However, agentic workflows often require many iterative reasoning steps and tool invocations, leading to significant operational expense,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sami Abuzakuk , Anne-Marie Kermarrec , Rishi Sharma , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Martijn de Vos

With ChatGPT-like large language models (LLM) prevailing in the community, how to evaluate the ability of LLMs is an open question. Existing evaluation methods suffer from following shortcomings: (1) constrained evaluation abilities, (2)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Jiaju Lin , Haoran Zhao , Aochi Zhang , Yiting Wu , Huqiuyue Ping , Qin Chen

Large language models (LLMs) and LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed as assistants in planning and decision making, yet most existing systems are implicitly optimized for a single-principal interaction paradigm, in which the model is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Shu Yang , Shenzhe Zhu , Hao Zhu , José Ramón Enríquez , Di Wang , Alex Pentland , Michiel A. Bakker , Jiaxin Pei

Recent advances in LLM Multi-Agent Systems enable scalable orchestration of sub-agents, each coordinating hundreds or thousands of tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers. However, existing retrieval methods typically match queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Anmol Gulati , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Test-time scaling (TTS) enhances the performance of large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute resources during inference. However, existing research primarily investigates TTS in single-stage tasks; while many real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Fali Wang , Hui Liu , Zhenwei Dai , Jingying Zeng , Zhiwei Zhang , Zongyu Wu , Chen Luo , Zhen Li , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Suhang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their capabilities as AI assistants by integrating external tools, allowing them to access a wider range of information. While recent LLMs are typically fine-tuned with tool usage examples during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jie He , Jennifer Neville , Mengting Wan , Longqi Yang , Hui Liu , Xiaofeng Xu , Xia Song , Jeff Z. Pan , Pei Zhou

Modern Augmented reality applications require performing multiple tasks on each input frame simultaneously. Multi-task learning (MTL) represents an effective approach where multiple tasks share an encoder to extract representative features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Marina Neseem , Ahmed Agiza , Sherief Reda

Agentic AI assistants that autonomously perform multi-step tasks raise open questions for user experience: how should such systems communicate progress and reasoning during extended operations, especially in attention-critical contexts such…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Johannes Kirmayr , Raphael Wennmacher , Khanh Huynh , Lukas Stappen , Elisabeth André , Florian Alt

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools is a promising approach to enhance their capabilities, especially for complex tasks. Synthesizing tool-use data through real-world simulations is an effective way to achieve this.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yirong Zeng , Xiao Ding , Yuxian Wang , Weiwen Liu , Wu Ning , Yutai Hou , Xu Huang , Duyu Tang , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Multi-agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are transforming enterprise automation, yet systematic evaluation methodologies for assessing tool-use reliability remain underdeveloped. We introduce a comprehensive diagnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Donghao Huang , Gauri Malwe , Zhaoxia Wang

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has stimulated interest in multi-agent collaboration for addressing complex medical tasks. However, the practical advantages of multi-agent collaboration approaches remain insufficiently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yinghao Zhu , Ziyi He , Haoran Hu , Xiaochen Zheng , Xichen Zhang , Zixiang Wang , Junyi Gao , Liantao Ma , Lequan Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Llama3 can already comprehend complex commands and process diverse tasks. This advancement facilitates their application in controlling drones and robots for various tasks. However, existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Neiwen Ling , Guojun Chen , Lin Zhong

Real-world multi-modal problems are rarely solved by a single machine learning model, and often require multi-step computational plans that involve stitching several models. Tool-augmented LLMs hold tremendous promise for automating the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zixian Ma , Weikai Huang , Jieyu Zhang , Tanmay Gupta , Ranjay Krishna

Language model (LM) agents have gained significant attention for their ability to autonomously complete tasks through interactions with environments, tools, and APIs. LM agents are primarily built with prompt engineering or supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Renxi Wang , Rifo Ahmad Genadi , Bilal El Bouardi , Yongxin Wang , Fajri Koto , Zhengzhong Liu , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents that invoke external tools through structured function calls. While recent work reports strong tool-calling performance under standard English-centric evaluations, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Zheng Luo , T Pranav Kutralingam , Ogochukwu N Okoani , Wanpeng Xu , Hua Wei , Xiyang Hu

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) as agentic orchestrators has revolutionized task automation, but the need for privacy-preserving, cost-effective solutions demands on-device inference capabilities. However, local LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Rohan Kadekodi , Zhan Jin , Keisuke Kamahori , Yile Gu , Sean Khatiri , Noah H. Bayindirli , Sergey Gorbunov , Baris Kasikci

Large Language Models (LLMs) enable intelligent multi-robot collaboration but face fundamental trade-offs: open-loop methods that compile tasks into formal representations for external executors produce sound plans but lack adaptability in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Shaobin Ling , Yun Wang , Chenyou Fan , Tin Lun Lam , Junjie Hu

The potential of Large Language Model (LLM) as agents has been widely acknowledged recently. Thus, there is an urgent need to quantitatively \textit{evaluate LLMs as agents} on challenging tasks in interactive environments. We present…