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The dominant paradigm for RLHF is online and on-policy RL: synchronously generating from the large language model (LLM) policy, labelling with a reward model, and learning using feedback on the LLM's own outputs. While performant, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Michael Noukhovitch , Shengyi Huang , Sophie Xhonneux , Arian Hosseini , Rishabh Agarwal , Aaron Courville

The pursuit of human-level artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly advanced the development of autonomous agents and Large Language Models (LLMs). LLMs are now widely utilized as decision-making agents for their ability to interpret…

Utilizing large language models (LLMs) for tool planning has emerged as a promising avenue for developing general AI systems, where LLMs automatically schedule external tools (e.g., vision models) to tackle complex tasks based on task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Duo Wu , Jinghe Wang , Yuan Meng , Yanning Zhang , Le Sun , Zhi Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a pivotal component of large language model (LLM) post-training, and agentic RL extends this paradigm to operate as agents through multi-turn interaction and tool use. Scaling such systems exposes two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zheyue Tan , Mustapha Abdullahi , Tuo Shi , Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Bo Zhao

The development of autonomous machine learning (ML) agents capable of end-to-end data science workflows represents a significant frontier in artificial intelligence. These agents must orchestrate complex sequences of data analysis, feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yaswanth Chittepu , Raghavendra Addanki , Tung Mai , Anup Rao , Branislav Kveton

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced autonomous agents, particularly in zero-shot tool usage, also known as function calling. This research delves into enhancing the function-calling capabilities of LLMs by exploring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Yi-Chang Chen , Po-Chun Hsu , Chan-Jan Hsu , Da-shan Shiu

This work presents an analytical framework for the design and analysis of LLM-based algorithms, i.e., algorithms that contain one or multiple calls of large language models (LLMs) as sub-routines and critically rely on the capabilities of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in real-world applications, but tool usage errors still hinder their reliability. We introduce ToolCritic, a diagnostic framework that evaluates and improves LLM behavior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Hassan Hamad , Yingru Xu , Liang Zhao , Wenbo Yan , Narendra Gyanchandani

The ubiquitous computing resources in 6G networks provide ideal environments for the fusion of large language models (LLMs) and intelligent services through the agent framework. With auxiliary modules and planning cores, LLM-enabled agents…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Zheyan Qu , Wenbo Wang , Zitong Yu , Boquan Sun , Yang Li , Xing Zhang

Equipped with the capability to call functions, modern large language models (LLMs) can leverage external tools for addressing a range of tasks unattainable through language skills alone. However, the effective execution of these tools…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Wenxuan Wang , Juluan Shi , Zixuan Ling , Yuk-Kit Chan , Chaozheng Wang , Cheryl Lee , Youliang Yuan , Jen-tse Huang , Wenxiang Jiao , Michael R. Lyu

Tool planning with large language models (LLMs), referring to selecting, organizing, and preparing the tools necessary to complete a user request, bridges the gap between natural language understanding and task execution. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenjie Chen , Wenbin Li , Di Yao , Xuying Meng , Chang Gong , Jingping Bi

Despite broad interest in modeling spoken dialogue agents, most approaches are inherently "half-duplex" -- restricted to turn-based interaction with responses requiring explicit prompting by the user or implicit tracking of interruption or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Bandhav Veluri , Benjamin N Peloquin , Bokai Yu , Hongyu Gong , Shyamnath Gollakota

We introduce AnyTool, a large language model agent designed to revolutionize the utilization of a vast array of tools in addressing user queries. We utilize over 16,000 APIs from Rapid API, operating under the assumption that a subset of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Yu Du , Fangyun Wei , Hongyang Zhang

Agentic workflows in large language model systems integrate retrieval, reasoning, and memory, but existing frameworks suffer from scalability and reproducibility limitations due to fragmented data orchestration, serialization overhead, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Arup Kumar Sarker , Mills Staylor , Aymen Alsaadi , Gregor von Laszewski , Shantenu Jha , Geoffrey Fox

Large language models (LLMs) have brought autonomous agents closer to artificial general intelligence (AGI) due to their promising generalization and emergent capabilities. There is, however, a lack of studies on how LLM-based agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Yanan Chen , Ali Pesaranghader , Tanmana Sadhu , Dong Hoon Yi

Agentic applications are LLMs that iteratively invoke external tools to accomplish complex tasks. Such tool-based agents are rapidly becoming the dominant paradigm for deploying language models in production. Unlike traditional single-turn…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Anish Biswas , Kanishk Goel , Srivarshinee S , Jayashree Mohan , Alind Khare , Anjaly Parayil , Ramachandran Ramjee , Chetan Bansal

Simultaneous translation on both text and speech focuses on a real-time and low-latency scenario where the model starts translating before reading the complete source input. Evaluating simultaneous translation models is more complex than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Xutai Ma , Mohammad Javad Dousti , Changhan Wang , Jiatao Gu , Juan Pino

LLMs' capabilities are enhanced by using function calls to integrate various data sources or API results into the context window. Typical tools include search, web crawlers, maps, financial data, file systems, and browser usage, etc.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Shiqing Fan , Xichen Ding , Liang Zhang , Linjian Mo

Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly expected to operate in enterprise environments, where work is distributed across specialized roles, permission-controlled systems, and cross-departmental procedures. However, existing…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into tool-using agents, they remain brittle in long-horizon interactions. Unlike mathematical reasoning where errors are often rectifiable via backtracking, tool-use failures frequently induce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shengda Fan , Xuyan Ye , Yupeng Huo , Zhi-Yuan Chen , Yiju Guo , Shenzhi Yang , Wenkai Yang , Shuqi Ye , Jingwen Chen , Haotian Chen , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin
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