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Growing awareness of the environmental impact of digital technologies has led to several isolated initiatives to promote sustainable practices. However, despite these efforts, the environmental footprint of generative AI, particularly in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Thomas Le Goff

The race for artificial intelligence (AI) dominance often prioritizes scale over efficiency. Hyper-scaling is the common industry approach: larger models, more data, and as many computational resources as possible. Using more resources is a…

General Economics · Economics 2026-05-08 Marco Bornstein , Amrit Singh Bedi

Realizing a shared responsibility between providers and consumers is critical to manage the sustainability of HPC. However, while cost may motivate efficiency improvements by infrastructure operators, broader progress is impeded by a lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Alok Kamatar , Maxime Gonthier , Valerie Hayot-Sasson , Andre Bauer , Marcin Copik , Torsten Hoefler , Raul Castro Fernandez , Kyle Chard , Ian Foster

The computations required for deep learning research have been doubling every few months, resulting in an estimated 300,000x increase from 2012 to 2018 [2]. These computations have a surprisingly large carbon footprint [38]. Ironically,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Roy Schwartz , Jesse Dodge , Noah A. Smith , Oren Etzioni

This paper investigates the prospect of developing human-interpretable, explainable artificial intelligence (AI) systems based on active inference and the free energy principle. We first provide a brief overview of active inference, and in…

With the ever-growing adoption of AI-based systems, the carbon footprint of AI is no longer negligible. AI researchers and practitioners are therefore urged to hold themselves accountable for the carbon emissions of the AI models they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Roberto Verdecchia , June Sallou , Luís Cruz

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, and particularly deep learning systems, are traditionally the domain of large-scale cloud servers, which have access to high computational and energy resources. Nonetheless, in Internet-of-Things…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 Nir Shlezinger , Ivan V. Bajic

Large language models (LLMs) require substantial computational resources, leading to significant carbon emissions and operational costs. Although training is energy-intensive, the long-term environmental burden arises from inference,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Kolichala Rajashekar , Nafiseh Sharghivand , Radu Prodan , Reza Farahani

Generative AI models differ from traditional machine learning tools in that they allow users to provide as much or as little information as they choose in their inputs. This flexibility often leads users to omit certain details, relying on…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Charlotte Park , Kate Donahue , Manish Raghavan

With the rapid upsurge of deep learning tasks at the network edge, effective edge artificial intelligence (AI) inference becomes critical to provide low-latency intelligent services for mobile users via leveraging the edge computing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Xiangyu Yang , Sheng Hua , Yuanming Shi , Hao Wang , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

Provisioning dynamic machine learning (ML) inference as a service for artificial intelligence (AI) applications of edge devices faces many challenges, including the trade-off among accuracy loss, carbon emission, and unknown future costs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Huirong Ma , Zhi Zhou , Xiaoxi Zhang , Xu Chen

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has raised concerns regarding its global environmental impact that extends beyond greenhouse gas emissions to include consideration of hardware…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Clément Desroches , Martin Chauvin , Louis Ladan , Caroline Vateau , Simon Gosset , Philippe Cordier

The technology industry promotes artificial intelligence (AI) as a key enabler to solve a vast number of problems, including the environmental crisis. However, when looking at the emissions of datacenters from worldwide service providers,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 François Rottenberg , Thomas Feys , Liesbet Van der Perre

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the last decade have largely been built upon the wide applications of deep learning (DL). However, the high carbon footprint yielded by larger and larger DL networks becomes a concern for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 C. -C. Jay Kuo , Azad M. Madni

This paper introduces an infrastructure-aware benchmarking framework for quantifying the environmental footprint of LLM inference across 30 state-of-the-art models in commercial datacenters. The framework combines public API performance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nidhal Jegham , Marwan Abdelatti , Chan Young Koh , Lassad Elmoubarki , Abdeltawab Hendawi

DNN inference, known for its significant energy consumption and the resulting high carbon footprint, can be made more sustainable by adapting model size and accuracy to the varying carbon intensity throughout the day. Our heuristic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Jiwan Jung

The growth of machine learning (ML) models and associated datasets triggers a consequent dramatic increase in energy costs for the use and training of these models. In the current context of environmental awareness and global sustainability…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Gwendal Jouneaux , Jordi Cabot

The sharply increasing sizes of artificial intelligence (AI) models come with significant energy consumption and environmental footprints, which can disproportionately impact certain (often marginalized) regions and hence create…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Pengfei Li , Yejia Liu , Jianyi Yang , Shaolei Ren

Today, AI is increasingly being used in many high-stakes decision-making applications in which fairness is an important concern. Already, there are many examples of AI being biased and making questionable and unfair decisions. The AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Yunfeng Zhang , Rachel K. E. Bellamy , Kush R. Varshney

Large-scale IoT weather sensing networks require incentive mechanisms to sustain participation, yet determining how much value individual data contributions bring to the network remains an open problem. Existing approaches address data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mark C. Ballandies , Michael T. C. Chiu , Claudio J. Tessone