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Scaling up test-time compute, by generating multiple independent solutions and selecting or aggregating among them, has become a central paradigm for improving large language models (LLMs) on challenging reasoning tasks. While most prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Wenting Zhao , Pranjal Aggarwal , Swarnadeep Saha , Asli Celikyilmaz , Jason Weston , Ilia Kulikov

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science simulations. While their performance on reasoning and optimization tasks has been extensively evaluated, less attention has been paid to their ability to simulate human…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yuanjun Feng , Vivek Choudhary , Yash Raj Shrestha

Despite the widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) for recommendation, we demonstrate that LLMs often exhibit uncertainty in their recommendations. To ensure the trustworthy use of LLMs in generating recommendations, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Wonbin Kweon , Sanghwan Jang , SeongKu Kang , Hwanjo Yu

General-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant potential in recruitment applications, where decisions require reasoning over unstructured text, balancing multiple criteria, and inferring fit and competence from indirect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Morgane Hoffmann , Emma Jouffroy , Warren Jouanneau , Marc Palyart , Charles Pebereau

Large Language Models (LLMs) alignment methods have been credited with the commercial success of products like ChatGPT, given their role in steering LLMs towards user-friendly outputs. However, current alignment techniques predominantly…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Oriane Peter , Kate Devlin

The problem of interpreting or aggregating multiple rankings is common to many real-world applications. Perhaps the simplest and most common approach is a weighted rank aggregation, wherein a (convex) weight is applied to each input ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Tyler Perini , Amy Langville , Glenn Kramer , Jeff Shrager , Mark Shapiro

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges and synthetic labelers, especially in low-label settings. Yet these systems are stochastic and often overconfident, which makes deployment decisions difficult when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Maxim Khomiakov , Jes Frellsen

The zero-shot capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled highly flexible, reference-free metrics for various tasks, making LLM evaluators common tools in NLP. However, the robustness of these LLM evaluators remains relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Rickard Stureborg , Dimitris Alikaniotis , Yoshi Suhara

LLM alignment has progressed in single-agent settings through paradigms such as RL with human feedback (RLHF), while recent work explores scalable alternatives such as RL with AI feedback (RLAIF) and dynamic alignment objectives. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Panatchakorn Anantaprayoon , Nataliia Babina , Nima Asgharbeygi , Jad Tarifi

As generated text becomes more commonplace, it is increasingly important to evaluate how well-supported such text is by external knowledge sources. Many approaches for evaluating textual support rely on some method for decomposing text into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Miriam Wanner , Seth Ebner , Zhengping Jiang , Mark Dredze , Benjamin Van Durme

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate user-tailored summaries, adapting outputs to specific stakeholders. In legal contexts, this raises important questions about motivated reasoning -- how models strategically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Eunjung Cho , Alexander Hoyle , Yoan Hermstrüwer

LLM-judged benchmarks are increasingly used to evaluate complex model behaviors, yet their design introduces failure modes absent in conventional ground-truth based benchmarks. We argue that without tight objectives and verifiable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Benjamin Feuer , Chiung-Yi Tseng , Astitwa Sarthak Lathe , Oussama Elachqar , John P Dickerson

Recent research has shown that large language models (LLMs) favor their own outputs when acting as judges, undermining the integrity of automated post-training and evaluation workflows. However, it is difficult to disentangle which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Dani Roytburg , Matthew Bozoukov , Matthew Nguyen , Jou Barzdukas , Mackenzie Puig-Hall , Narmeen Oozeer

Large language models are increasingly deployed in settings where reliability matters, yet output-level uncertainty signals such as token probabilities, entropy, and self-consistency can become brittle under calibration--deployment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yanli Wang , Peng Kuang , Xiaoyu Han , Kaidi Xu , Haohan Wang

When multiple LLM agents solve the same problem, standard practice compresses each agent's reasoning into a majority vote or layered synthesis, treating agreement as the finish line. We show this is unnecessarily lossy: an LLM aggregator…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shreyas Fadnavis , Praitayini Kanakaraj , Felix Wyss

The acceleration of Large Language Models (LLMs) research has opened up new possibilities for evaluating generated texts. They serve as scalable and economical evaluators, but the question of how reliable these evaluators are has emerged as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Minzhi Li , Zhengyuan Liu , Shumin Deng , Shafiq Joty , Nancy F. Chen , Min-Yen Kan

When Large Language Models produce structured outputs such as travel plans, code solutions, or multi-step proofs, individual reasoning steps may appear correct while the output as a whole violates budgets, fails test cases, or contradicts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Shireen Kudukkil Manchingal , Abhey Kalia , Fernanda Gonçalves , Shebin Rawther

Predicting narrative similarity can be understood as an inherently interpretive task: different, equally valid readings of the same text can produce divergent interpretations and thus different similarity judgments, posing a fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Max Upravitelev , Veronika Solopova , Jing Yang , Charlott Jakob , Premtim Sahitaj , Ariana Sahitaj , Vera Schmitt

The increasing use of LLM-based agents to support decision-making and control across diverse domains motivates the need for systematic deconfliction of their proposed actions. We present a deconfliction framework for coordinating multiple…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Shiva Poudel , Thiagarajan Ramachandran , Orestis Vasios , Andrew P. Reiman

This paper proposes the use of "multicalibration" to yield interpretable and reliable confidence scores for outputs generated by large language models (LLMs). Multicalibration asks for calibration not just marginally, but simultaneously…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-09 Gianluca Detommaso , Martin Bertran , Riccardo Fogliato , Aaron Roth