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Related papers: QGCL: Quantum-Guided Clause Learning for Cryptanal…

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Formal verification of power side-channel leakage and its countermeasures in cryptographic algorithms is challenging, as SAT-based methods fail to scale on XOR-heavy, time-unrolled cryptographic circuits with realistic leakage models. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Walid El Maouaki , Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Shafique

Over the last two decades, we have seen a dramatic improvement in the efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning Boolean satisfiability (CDCL SAT) solvers on industrial problems from a variety of domains. The availability of such…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Saeed Nejati , Vijay Ganesh

Modern conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) SAT solvers are very good in solving conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas. However, some application problems involve lots of parity (xor) constraints which are not necessarily efficiently…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-07-25 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solvers are widely used in hardware verification, cryptanalysis, automatic test-pattern generation, and side-channel reasoning workflows. Modern conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) solvers are highly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Melki Bino

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) is a well-known NP-complete problem. Despite this theoretical hardness, SAT solvers based on Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) can solve large SAT instances from many important domains. CDCL learns clauses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Md Solimul Chowdhury , Martin Müller , Jia You

Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) plays a pivotal role in Electronic Design Automation. The standard workflow for solving CSAT problems converts circuits into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and employs generic SAT solvers powered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaying Zhu , Ziyang Zheng , Zhengyuan Shi , Yalun Cai , Qiang Xu

Satisfiability (SAT) is a central problem in computer science, and advances in SAT-solving algorithms have a far-reaching impact across many fields. Recent works have proposed quantum SAT solvers based on Grover's algorithm, a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Shang-Wei Lin , Ji-Qing Yan , Yean-Ru Chen , Zhe Hou , David Sanán

Satisfiability (SAT) solvers based on techniques such as conflict driven clause learning (CDCL) have produced excellent performance on both synthetic and real world industrial problems. While these CDCL solvers only operate on a per-problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yi Fu , Anthony Tompkins , Yang Song , Maurice Pagnucco

There are two competing paradigms in successful SAT solvers: Conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) and stochastic local search (SLS). CDCL uses systematic exploration of the search space and has the ability to learn new clauses. SLS…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Jan-Hendrik Lorenz , Florian Wörz

Due to the adoption of horizontal business models following the globalization of semiconductor manufacturing, the overproduction of integrated circuits (ICs) and the piracy of intellectual properties (IPs) can lead to significant damage to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Yadi Zhong , Ujjwal Guin

State-of-the-art SAT solvers are nowadays able to handle huge real-world instances. The key to this success is the so-called Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL) scheme, which encompasses a number of techniques that exploit the conflicts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Robert Nieuwenhuis , Albert Oliveras , Enric Rodriguez-Carbonell

Recent work introduced the cube-and-conquer technique to solve hard SAT instances. It partitions the search space into cubes using a lookahead solver. Each cube is tackled by a conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solver. Crucial for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-02-19 Peter van der Tak , Marijn J. H. Heule , Armin Biere

Local search preprocessing makes Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) solvers faster by providing high-quality starting points and modern SAT solvers have incorporated this technique into their preprocessing steps. However, these tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 André Schidler , Stefan Szeider

Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) is the mainstream framework for solving the Satisfiability problem (SAT), and CDCL solvers typically rely on various heuristics, which have a significant impact on their performance. Modern CDCL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Yiwen Sun , Furong Ye , Xianyin Zhang , Shiyu Huang , Bingzhen Zhang , Ke Wei , Shaowei Cai

We propose ImitSAT, a branching policy for conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solvers based on imitation learning for the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT). Unlike previous methods that predict instance-level signals to improve CDCL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zewei Zhang , Huan Liu , Yuanhao Yu , Jun Chen , Xiangyu Xu

Advanced Encryption Standard is one of the most widely used and important symmetric ciphers for today. It well known, that it can be subjected to the quantum Grover's attack that twice reduces its key strength. But full AES attack requires…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-12 Alexey Moiseevskiy

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) is an NP-complete problem that impacts many research fields, such as planning, verification, and security. Mainstream modern SAT solvers are based on the Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) algorithm.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Wenxi Wang , Yang Hu , Mohit Tiwari , Sarfraz Khurshid , Kenneth McMillan , Risto Miikkulainen

The Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem is a canonical NP-complete problem and a natural candidate for quantum acceleration via search-based algorithms. In Grover-based quantum SAT solvers, the dominant computational cost stems from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Majd Assaad , Abhoy Kole , Rolf Drechsler

Due to the increasing challenges posed by the relentless rise in the design complexity of integrated circuits, Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) has emerged as a robust alternative to structural APTG techniques. However, the high cost of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Hui-Ling Zhen , Naixing Wang , Junhua Huang , Xinyue Huang , Mingxuan Yuan , Yu Huang

Modern conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) Boolean SAT solvers provide efficient automatic analysis of real-world feature models (FM) of systems ranging from cars to operating systems. It is well-known that solver-based analysis of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-07-30 Jia Hui Liang , Vijay Ganesh , Venkatesh Raman , Krzysztof Czarnecki
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