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The ringdown phase of a binary black hole merger is modelled by the quasi-normal modes of a perturbed Kerr black hole. According to the black hole no-hair theorem, the emitted ringdown spectra are constrained by the mass and spin of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-12 Zaryab Ahmed , Shilpa Kastha , Alex B. Nielsen

Merging binary black holes exhibit a ringdown phase in which they primarily emit gravitational waves in the shape of damped sinusoids corresponding to quasi-normal modes of the Kerr remnant. In general, each mode carries four degrees of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-18 Nicole Khusid , Will Farr , Max Isi

We analyze gravitational-wave data from the first LIGO detection of a binary black-hole merger (GW150914) in search of the ringdown of the remnant black hole. Using observations beginning at the peak of the signal, we find evidence of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-18 Maximiliano Isi , Matthew Giesler , Will M. Farr , Mark A. Scheel , Saul A. Teukolsky

We investigate how resonant excitation near exceptional points manifests in Kerr black hole ringdown waveforms and examine its extraction. Using waveforms generated by localized initial data, where quasinormal mode amplitudes are given…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-27 Kei-ichiro Kubota , Hayato Motohashi

The ringdown is the late part of the post-merger signature emitted during the coalescence of two black holes and comprises of a superposition of quasi-normal-modes. Within general relativity, because of the no-hair theorems, the frequencies…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-07-15 Swetha Bhagwat , Miriam Cabero , Collin D. Capano , Badri Krishnan , Duncan A. Brown

We propose a novel, frequency-domain approach to the analysis of the gravitational-wave ringdown signal of binary black holes and the identification of quasinormal mode frequencies of the remnant. Our approach avoids the issues of spectral…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-11 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

The aftermath of binary black hole coalescence is a perturbed remnant whose gravitational radiation rings down, encoding information about the new black hole's recent history and current state.It is expected that this ringdown radiation…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-10-28 L. London

We present GreyRing, a new model for the post-merger signal in black-hole binary coalescences based on the greybody factor of the remnant. The model accurately reproduces the full frequency-domain ringdown signal of a large set of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-20 Romeo Felice Rosato , Francesco Crescimbeni , Sophia Yi , Emanuele Berti , Paolo Pani

Using gravitational waves to probe the geometry of the ringing remnant black hole formed in a binary black hole coalescence is a well-established way to test Einstein's theory of general relativity. However, doing so requires knowledge of…

Black-hole spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful probe of strong-field gravity in the era of gravitational-wave astronomy. In this context, many current tests of modified or extended gravity are implemented by searching for predicted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-10 Shitong Guo , Yan-Gang Miao

A major aim of gravitational wave astronomy is to test observationally the Kerr nature of black holes. The strongest such test, with minimal additional assumptions, is provided by observations of multiple ringdown modes, also known as black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-10 Collin D. Capano , Jahed Abedi , Shilpa Kastha , Alexander H. Nitz , Julian Westerweck , Yi-Fan Wang , Miriam Cabero , Alex B. Nielsen , Badri Krishnan

The black hole uniqueness and the no-hair theorems imply that the quasinormal spectrum of any astrophysical black hole is determined solely by its mass and spin. The countably infinite number of quasinormal modes of a Kerr black hole are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-08-31 Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Swetha Bhagwat , Paolo Pani , Valeria Ferrari

The ringdown phase of a binary black-hole merger encodes key information about the remnant properties and provides a direct probe of the strong-field regime of General Relativity. While quasi-normal mode frequencies and damping times are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-05 Francesco Nobili , Swetha Bhagwat , Costantino Pacilio , Davide Gerosa

The ''ringdown'' stage of gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole mergers, mainly consisting of a superposition of quasinormal modes emitted by the merger remnant, is a key tool to test fundamental physics and to probe black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-06 Francesco Crescimbeni , Gregorio Carullo , Emanuele Berti , Giada Caneva Santoro , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Paolo Pani

Gravitational waves provide a unique opportunity to test general relativity in the strong-field regime, enabling the extraction of key physical parameters from observational data. Traditional likelihood-based inference methods, while…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-24 Akash K Mishra

The post-merger signal in binary black hole merger is described by linear, black-hole perturbation theory. Historically, this has been modeled using the dominant positive-frequency (corotating) fundamental mode. Recently, there has been a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-26 Arnab Dhani

We study the plunge and merger of a non-spinning particle falling into a Kerr black hole following an eccentric planar inspiral. The dynamics is driven by an effective-one-body radiation reaction, and the corresponding numerical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-23 Simone Albanesi , Sebastiano Bernuzzi , Alessandro Nagar

The characteristic oscillations of black holes, as described by their quasinormal mode (QNM) spectrum, play a fundamental role in testing general relativity with gravitational waves. The so-called parametrized QNM framework was introduced…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-13 Spyros Thomopoulos , Sebastian H. Völkel , Harald P. Pfeiffer

It was recently shown that, in a binary coalescence, the greybody factor of the remnant black hole modulates the post-merger ringdown signal. In this work, we demonstrate that a simple four-parameter model based on the greybody factor…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-14 Romeo Felice Rosato , Sophia Yi , Emanuele Berti , Paolo Pani

We present a highly accurate, fully analytical model for the late inspiral, merger, and ringdown of black-hole binaries with arbitrary mass ratios and spin vectors, including the contributions of harmonics beyond the fundamental mode. This…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-05-22 Sean T. McWilliams