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We present Lean Refactor, a plug-and-play retrieval-augmented agentic framework for multi-objective, controllable, and version-robust refactoring of Lean proofs. LLM-generated proofs are notoriously correct-but-verbose and brittle across…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jialin Lu , Soonho Kong , Rodrigo Stehling , Kaiyu Yang , Zhangyang Wang , Weiran Sun , Wuyang Chen

This comprehensive survey examines Lean 4, a state-of-the-art interactive theorem prover and functional programming language. We analyze its architectural design, type system, metaprogramming capabilities, and practical applications in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Xichen Tang

Translating human-written mathematical theorems and proofs from natural language (NL) into formal languages (FLs) like Lean 4 has long been a significant challenge for AI. Most state-of-the-art methods either focus on theorem-only NL-to-FL…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Prithwish Jana , Kaan Kale , Ahmet Ege Tanriverdi , Cruise Song , Sriram Vishwanath , Vijay Ganesh

This paper proposes a new concurrent heap algorithm, based on a stateless shape property, which efficiently maintains balance during insert and removeMin operations implemented with hand-over-hand locking. It also provides a O(1)…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Thomas D. Dickerson

Realistic simulations in engineering or in the materials sciences can consume enormous computing resources and thus require the use of massively parallel supercomputers. The probability of a failure increases both with the runtime and with…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Nils Kohl , Johannes Hötzer , Florian Schornbaum , Martin Bauer , Christian Godenschwager , Harald Köstler , Britta Nestler , Ulrich Rüde

Formalizing mathematical proofs using computerized verification languages like Lean 4 has the potential to significantly impact the field of mathematics, it offers prominent capabilities for advancing mathematical reasoning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Xichen Tang

Traditional language model-based theorem proving assumes that by training on a sufficient amount of formal proof data, a model will learn to prove theorems. Our key observation is that a wealth of informal information that is not present in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Haohan Lin , Zhiqing Sun , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang

Using AI to write formal proofs for mathematical problems is a challenging task that has seen some advancements in recent years. Automated systems such as Lean can verify the correctness of proofs written in formal language, yet writing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Roozbeh Yousefzadeh , Xuenan Cao , Azim Ospanov

As LLMs and foundation models scale, checkpoint/restore has become a critical pattern for training and inference. With 3D parallelism (tensor, pipeline, data), checkpointing involves many processes, each managing numerous tensors of varying…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Mikaila J. Gossman , Avinash Maurya , Bogdan Nicolae , Jon C. Calhoun

Solving mathematical problems using computer-verifiable languages like Lean has significantly impacted the mathematical and computer science communities. State-of-the-art methods utilize a single Large Language Model (LLM) to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ruida Wang , Rui Pan , Yuxin Li , Jipeng Zhang , Yizhen Jia , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Junjie Hu , Tong Zhang

Recent progress in formal theorem proving has benefited from large-scale proof generation and verifier-aware training, but agentic proving is rarely integrated into prover training, appearing only at inference time. We present OProver, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 David Ma , Kaijing Ma , Shawn Guo , Yunfeng Shi , Enduo Zhao , Jiajun Shi , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Gavin Cheung , Jiaheng Liu , Zili Wang

We present the design and implementation of the Small Scale Reflection proof methodology and tactic language (a.k.a. SSR) for the Lean 4 proof assistant. Like its Coq predecessor SSReflect, our Lean 4 implementation, dubbed LeanSSR,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Vladimir Gladshtein , George Pîrlea , Ilya Sergey

Proof automation is crucial to large-scale formal mathematics and software/hardware verification projects in ITPs. Sophisticated tools called hammers have been developed to provide general-purpose proof automation in ITPs such as Coq and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yicheng Qian , Joshua Clune , Clark Barrett , Jeremy Avigad

Proving mathematical theorems using computer-verifiable formal languages like Lean significantly impacts mathematical reasoning. One approach to formal theorem proving involves generating complete proofs using Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ruida Wang , Jipeng Zhang , Yizhen Jia , Rui Pan , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Tong Zhang

We introduce LeanConjecturer, a pipeline for automatically generating university-level mathematical conjectures in Lean 4 using Large Language Models (LLMs). Our hybrid approach combines rule-based context extraction with LLM-based theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Naoto Onda , Kazumi Kasaura , Yuta Oriike , Masaya Taniguchi , Akiyoshi Sannai , Sho Sonoda

Formal theorem-proving benchmarks enable mechanically verifiable evaluation of mathematical reasoning in large language models. However, existing benchmarks mainly focus on Olympiad-style problems and algebraic domains, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wentao Long , Yunfei Zhang , Chenyi Li , Li Zhou , Chumin Sun , Zaiwen Wen

Language Models are extremely susceptible to performance collapse with even small changes to input prompt strings. Libraries such as DSpy (from Stanford NLP) avoid this problem through demonstration-based prompt optimisation. Inspired by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Maanas Taneja

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in formal theorem proving, yet state-of-the-art performance often necessitates prohibitive test-time compute via massive roll-outs or extended context windows. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Guchan Li , Rui Tian , Hongning Wang

Speculative decoding has emerged as a pivotal technique to accelerate LLM inference by employing a lightweight draft model to generate candidate tokens that are subsequently verified by the target model in parallel. However, while this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Yuetao Chen , Xuliang Wang , Xinzhou Zheng , Ming Li , Peng Wang , Hong Xu

Recent advances in automated theorem proving (ATP) through LLMs have highlighted the potential of formal reasoning with Lean 4 codes. However, ATP has not yet be revolutionized by the recent posttraining scaling as demonstrated by Open AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jingyuan Zhang , Qi Wang , Xingguang Ji , Yahui Liu , Yang Yue , Fuzheng Zhang , Di Zhang , Guorui Zhou , Kun Gai