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Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, which aims to estimate the probability of a user clicking on an item, is a key task in online advertising. Numerous existing CTR models concentrate on modeling the feature interactions within a solitary…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Zhen Tian , Changwang Zhang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen , Zhao Cao

The click-through rate (CTR) prediction task is to predict whether a user will click on the recommended item. As mind-boggling amounts of data are produced online daily, accelerating CTR prediction model training is critical to ensuring an…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents can increasingly automate complex reasoning through Test-Time Scaling (TTS), iterative refinement guided by reward signals. However, many real-world tasks involve multi-stage pipeline whose final outcomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shuyu Gan , James Mooney , Pan Hao , Renxiang Wang , Mingyi Hong , Qianwen Wang , Dongyeop Kang

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is of great importance in recommendation systems and online advertising platforms. When served in industrial scenarios, the user-generated data observed by the CTR model typically arrives as a stream.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Congcong Liu , Fei Teng , Xiwei Zhao , Zhangang Lin , Jinghe Hu , Jingping Shao

Click-through-rate (CTR) prediction plays an important role in online advertising and ad recommender systems. In the past decade, maximizing CTR has been the main focus of model development and solution creation. Therefore, researchers and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Dogukan Aksu , Ismail Hakki Toroslu , Hasan Davulcu

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, a core task in recommendation systems, estimates user click likelihood using historical behavioral data. Modeling user behavior sequences as text to leverage Language Models (LMs) for this task has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Zixuan Li , Binzong Geng , Jing Xiong , Yong He , Yuxuan Hu , Jian Chen , Dingwei Chen , Xiyu Chang , Liang Zhang , Linjian Mo , Chengming Li , Chuan Yuan , Zhenan Sun

Although deep pre-trained language models have shown promising benefit in a large set of industrial scenarios, including Click-Through-Rate (CTR) prediction, how to integrate pre-trained language models that handle only textual signals into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Dong Wang , Kavé Salamatian , Yunqing Xia , Weiwei Deng , Qi Zhiang

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction plays a pivotal role in online advertising and recommender systems. Despite notable progress in modeling user preferences from historical behaviors, two key challenges persist. First, exsiting…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kesha Ou , Zhen Tian , Wayne Xin Zhao , Hongyu Lu , Ji-Rong Wen

Click-through rate (CTR) estimation plays as a core function module in various personalized online services, including online advertising, recommender systems, and web search etc. From 2015, the success of deep learning started to benefit…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Weinan Zhang , Jiarui Qin , Wei Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He

Many Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction works focused on designing advanced architectures to model complex feature interactions but neglected the importance of feature representation learning, e.g., adopting a plain embedding layer for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Fangye Wang , Yingxu Wang , Dongsheng Li , Hansu Gu , Tun Lu , Peng Zhang , Ning Gu

Test-Time Compute (TTC) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) at inference, leveraging strategies such as Test-Time Training (TTT) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 J. Pablo Muñoz , Jinjie Yuan

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a vital task in industrial recommendation systems. Most existing methods focus on the network architecture design of the CTR model for better accuracy and suffer from the data sparsity problem.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Qi Liu , Xuyang Hou , Defu Lian , Zhe Wang , Haoran Jin , Jia Cheng , Jun Lei

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a critical problem in web search, recommendation systems and online advertisement displaying. Learning good feature interactions is essential to reflect user's preferences to items. Many CTR prediction…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Yuan Cheng , Yanbo Xue

The evolution of previous Click-Through Rate (CTR) models has mainly been driven by proposing complex components, whether shallow or deep, that are adept at modeling feature interactions. However, there has been less focus on improving…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Kexin Zhang , Fuyuan Lyu , Xing Tang , Dugang Liu , Chen Ma , Kaize Ding , Xiuqiang He , Xue Liu

Test-time scaling (TTS) -- the dynamic allocation of compute during inference -- is a promising direction for improving reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, a systematic comparison of well-known TTS strategies under identical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Aradhye Agarwal , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction has become increasingly indispensable for various Internet applications. Traditional CTR models convert the multi-field categorical data into ID features via one-hot encoding, and extract the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Jianghao Lin , Bo Chen , Hangyu Wang , Yunjia Xi , Yanru Qu , Xinyi Dai , Kangning Zhang , Ruiming Tang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Inspired by the success of language models (LM), scaling up deep learning recommendation systems (DLRS) has become a recent trend in the community. All previous methods tend to scale up the model parameters during training time. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Fuyuan Lyu , Zhentai Chen , Jingyan Jiang , Lingjie Li , Xing Tang , Xiuqiang He , Xue Liu

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction is critical for industrial recommender systems, where most deep CTR models follow an Embedding \& Feature Interaction paradigm. However, the majority of methods focus on designing network architectures to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Huifeng Guo , Bo Chen , Ruiming Tang , Weinan Zhang , Zhenguo Li , Xiuqiang He

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is an essential task in industrial applications such as video recommendation. Recently, deep learning models have been proposed to learn the representation of users' overall interests, while ignoring the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Shu-Ting Shi , Wenhao Zheng , Jun Tang , Qing-Guo Chen , Yao Hu , Jianke Zhu , Ming Li

Learning feature interactions is crucial for click-through rate (CTR) prediction in recommender systems. In most existing deep learning models, feature interactions are either manually designed or simply enumerated. However, enumerating all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Bin Liu , Chenxu Zhu , Guilin Li , Weinan Zhang , Jincai Lai , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He , Zhenguo Li , Yong Yu