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Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) is a programming language used to develop business applications that are widely adopted by financial, business, and government agencies. Due to its age, complexity, and declining number of COBOL…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Fangjian Lei , Jiawen Liu , Shayan Noei , Ying Zou , Derek Truong , William Alexander

In this work, we study the problem of code generation with a large language model (LLM), with a focus on generating SQL queries from natural language questions. We ask: Instead of using supervised fine tuning with text-code pairs, can we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Atharv Kulkarni , Vivek Srikumar

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems often struggle to handle multi-hop question-answering tasks accurately due to irrelevant context retrieval and limited complex reasoning capabilities. We introduce Collab-RAG, a collaborative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ran Xu , Wenqi Shi , Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Joyce C. Ho , Haoyu Wang , Carl Yang

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in function-level code generation, yet repository-level software engineering tasks remain challenging. Current solutions predominantly rely on proprietary LLM agents, which…

Effective cross-functional coordination is essential for enhancing firm-wide profitability, particularly in the face of growing organizational complexity and scale. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, especially in reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jinyang Jiang , Jinhui Han , Yijie Peng , Ying Zhang

Although Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is effective for complex multi-robot tasks, it suffers from low sample efficiency and requires iterative manual reward tuning. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Guobin Zhu , Rui Zhou , Wenkang Ji , Shiyu Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate functionally correct solutions but often fall short in code efficiency, a critical bottleneck for real-world deployment. In this paper, we introduce a novel test-time iterative optimization framework to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mingzhe Du , Luu Anh Tuan , Yue Liu , Yuhao Qing , Dong Huang , Xinyi He , Qian Liu , Zejun Ma , See-kiong Ng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are key technologies driving intelligent systems to handle multiple tasks. To meet the demands of various tasks, an increasing number of LLMs-driven experts with diverse capabilities have been developed,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Yuanshuai Wang , Xingjian Zhang , Jinkun Zhao , Siwei Wen , Peilin Feng , Shuhao Liao , Lei Huang , Wenjun Wu

Tool learning empowers large language models (LLMs) as agents to use external tools and extend their utility. Existing methods employ one single LLM-based agent to iteratively select and execute tools, thereafter incorporating execution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Xiuyi Chen , Yue Feng , Lingyong Yan , Haibo Shi , Dawei Yin , Pengjie Ren , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren

With the recent advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), generating functionally correct code has become less complicated for a wide array of developers. While using LLMs has sped up the functional development process, it poses a heavy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Nafis Tanveer Islam , Mohammad Bahrami Karkevandi , Peyman Najafirad

We propose a method to efficiently learn diverse strategies in reinforcement learning for query reformulation in the tasks of document retrieval and question answering. In the proposed framework an agent consists of multiple specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Rodrigo Nogueira , Jannis Bulian , Massimiliano Ciaramita

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in code generation, underscoring the critical need for rigorous and comprehensive evaluation. Existing evaluation approaches fall into three categories, including…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xinchen Wang , Pengfei Gao , Chao Peng , Ruida Hu , Cuiyun Gao

AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in problem solving. Through combining many intelligent agents, multi-agent collaboration has emerged as a promising approach to tackle complex, multi-faceted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Raphael Shu , Nilaksh Das , Michelle Yuan , Monica Sunkara , Yi Zhang

Powerful large language models (LLMs) from different providers have been expensively trained and finetuned to specialize across varying domains. In this work, we introduce a new kind of Conductor model trained with reinforcement learning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Stefan Nielsen , Edoardo Cetin , Peter Schwendeman , Qi Sun , Jinglue Xu , Yujin Tang

In practice, rigorous reasoning is often a key driver of correct code, while Reinforcement Learning (RL) for code generation often neglects optimizing reasoning quality. Bringing process-level supervision into RL is appealing, but it faces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Lishui Fan , Yu Zhang , Mouxiang Chen , Zhongxin Liu

Recent advancements in automatic code generation using large language model (LLM) agent have brought us closer to the future of automated software development. However, existing single-agent approaches face limitations in generating and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yoichi Ishibashi , Yoshimasa Nishimura

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in reasoning tasks, where reinforcement learning (RL) serves as a key algorithm for enhancing their reasoning capabilities. Currently, there are two mainstream reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Haitao Hong , Yuchen Yan , Xingyu Wu , Guiyang Hou , Wenqi Zhang , Weiming Lu , Yongliang Shen , Jun Xiao

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved automated code generation. While existing approaches have achieved strong performance at the function and file levels, real-world software engineering requires…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yicheng Tao , Yuante Li , Yao Qin , Yepang Liu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) plays a crucial role in advancing autonomous driving technologies by maximizing reward functions to achieve the optimal policy. However, crafting these reward functions has been a complex, manual process in many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Xu Han , Qiannan Yang , Xianda Chen , Xiaowen Chu , Meixin Zhu

Robust coordination skills enable agents to operate cohesively in shared environments, together towards a common goal and, ideally, individually without hindering each other's progress. To this end, this paper presents Coordinated QMIX…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Giovanni Minelli , Mirco Musolesi