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Reasoning language models improve performance on complex tasks by generating long chains of thought (CoTs), but this process can also increase harmful outputs in adversarial settings. In this work, we ask whether the long CoTs can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yik Siu Chan , Zheng-Xin Yong , Stephen H. Bach

This shared task has aimed to assess pedagogical abilities of AI tutors powered by large language models (LLMs), focusing on evaluating the quality of tutor responses aimed at student's mistake remediation within educational dialogues. The…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Ekaterina Kochmar , Kaushal Kumar Maurya , Kseniia Petukhova , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Anaïs Tack , Justin Vasselli

We present the surprising finding that a language model's reasoning capabilities can be improved by training on synthetic datasets of chain-of-thought (CoT) traces from more capable models, even when all of those traces lead to an incorrect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Abhranil Chandra , Ayush Agrawal , Arian Hosseini , Sebastian Fischmeister , Rishabh Agarwal , Navin Goyal , Aaron Courville

Autograding short textual answers has become much more feasible due to the rise of NLP and the increased availability of question-answer pairs brought about by a shift to online education. Autograding performance is still inferior to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Johannes Schneider , Robin Richner , Micha Riser

As students increasingly rely on large language models, hallucinations pose a growing threat to learning. To mitigate this, AI literacy must expand beyond prompt engineering to address how students should detect and respond to LLM…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Abdulhadi Shoufan , Ahmad-Azmi-Abdelhamid Esmaeil

This study investigated the essential of meaningful automated feedback for programming assignments. Three different types of feedback were tested, including (a) What's wrong - what test cases were testing and which failed, (b) Gap -…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Qiang Hao , Jack P Wilson , Camille Ottaway , Naitra Iriumi , Kai Arakawa , David H Smith

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in computer-aided education and intelligent tutoring systems, predicting students' performance on new questions from their responses to prior ones. An accurate KT model can capture a student's…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Jiajun Cui , Hong Qian , Chanjin Zheng , Lu Wang , Mo Yu , Wei Zhang

Multi-hop question answering is a challenging task for both large language models (LLMs) and humans, as it requires recognizing when multi-hop reasoning is needed, followed by reading comprehension, logical reasoning, and knowledge…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jinyan Su , Claire Cardie , Jennifer Healey

Online programming courses are becoming more and more popular, but they still have significant drawbacks when compared to the traditional education system, e.g., the lack of feedback. In this study, we apply machine learning methods to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Artyom Lobanov , Timofey Bryksin , Alexey Shpilman

Automated grading systems can efficiently score short-answer responses, yet they often fail to indicate when a grading decision is uncertain or potentially contentious. We introduce semantic entropy, a measure of variability across multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Karrtik Iyer , Manikandan Ravikiran , Prasanna Pendse , Shayan Mohanty

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical technique for modeling student knowledge to support personalized learning. However, most KT systems focus on binary correctness prediction and cannot diagnose the underlying conceptual misunderstandings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yu-Chen Kang , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

One-on-one tutoring is widely acknowledged as an effective instructional method, conditioned on qualified tutors. However, the high demand for qualified tutors remains a challenge, often necessitating the training of novice tutors (i.e.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Jionghao Lin , Zifei Han , Danielle R. Thomas , Ashish Gurung , Shivang Gupta , Vincent Aleven , Kenneth R. Koedinger

As large language models are deployed as autonomous agents with tool execution privileges, a critical assumption underpins their security architecture: that model errors are detectable at runtime. We present empirical evidence that this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Gregory M. Ruddell

Large Language Models (LLMs) currently respond to every prompt. However, they can produce incorrect answers when they lack knowledge or capability -- a problem known as hallucination. We instead propose post-training an LLM to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Tim Franzmeyer , Archie Sravankumar , Lijuan Liu , Yuning Mao , Rui Hou , Sinong Wang , Jakob N. Foerster , Luke Zettlemoyer , Madian Khabsa

We propose novel evaluations for mathematical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) based on mathematical misconceptions. Our primary approach is to simulate LLMs as a novice learner and an expert tutor, aiming to identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Naiming Liu , Shashank Sonkar , Zichao Wang , Simon Woodhead , Richard G. Baraniuk

In machine learning, "ground truth" refers to the assumed correct labels used to train and evaluate models. However, the foundational "ground truth" paradigm rests on a positivistic fallacy that treats human disagreement as technical noise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Sheza Munir , Benjamin Mah , Krisha Kalsi , Shivani Kapania , Julian Posada , Edith Law , Ding Wang , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed

Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) play a crucial role in educational assessment and diagnostic screening in behavioral health. Unlike traditional linear tests that administer a fixed set of pre-assembled items, CATs adaptively tailor the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Jiguang Li , Robert Gibbons , Veronika Rockova

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) offers an efficient and personalized method for assessing examinee proficiency by dynamically adjusting test questions based on individual performance. Compared to traditional, non-personalized testing…

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) is a widely used technology for evaluating learners' proficiency in online education platforms. By leveraging prior estimates of proficiency to select questions and updating the estimates iteratively…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Mi Tian , Kun Zhang , Fei Liu , Jinglong Li , Yuxin Liao , Chenxi Bai , Zhengtao Tan , Le Wu , Richang Hong

Modern deep learning models are notoriously opaque, which has motivated the development of methods for interpreting how deep models predict. This goal is usually approached with attribution method, which assesses the influence of features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yiming Ju , Yuanzhe Zhang , Zhao Yang , Zhongtao Jiang , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao