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Explicit reasoning models are trained to produce intermediate reasoning traces before final answers, but downstream fine-tuning is often performed on ordinary instruction-response data that contains no such traces. We show that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Lukas Twist , Helen Yannakoudakis , Jie M. Zhang

Detecting harmful AI actions is important as AI agents gain adoption. Chain-of-thought (CoT) monitoring is one method widely used to detect adversarial attacks and AI misalignment. However, attackers and misaligned models might evade CoT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Shiyuan Guo , Henry Sleight , Fabien Roger

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting has become central to mathematical reasoning in large language models, yet models remain brittle to early errors: a single arithmetic slip or unjustified inference typically propagates uncorrected to an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Saraswathy Amjith , Mihika Dusad , Neha Muramalla , Shweta Shah

Large language models (LLMs) present an opportunity to scale high-quality personalized education to all. A promising approach towards this means is to build dialog tutoring models that scaffold students' problem-solving. However, even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Nico Daheim , Jakub Macina , Manu Kapur , Iryna Gurevych , Mrinmaya Sachan

Current evaluation of mathematical reasoning in language models relies primarily on answer accuracy, potentially masking fundamental failures in logical computation. We introduce a diagnostic framework that distinguishes genuine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Subramanyam Sahoo , Vinija Jain , Saanidhya Vats , Siddharth Mohapatra , Rui Min , Aman Chadha , Divya Chaudhary

Chain-of-thought (CoT) traces are increasingly used both to improve language model capability and to audit model behavior, implicitly assuming that the visible trace remains synchronized with the computation that determines the answer. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wenkai Li , Fan Yang , Ananya Hazarika , Shaunak A. Mehta , Koichi Onoue

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is a form of personalized testing that accurately measures students' knowledge levels while reducing test length. Bilevel optimization-based CAT (BOBCAT) is a recent framework that learns a data-driven…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Wanyong Feng , Aritra Ghosh , Stephen Sireci , Andrew S. Lan

Research suggests that tutors should adopt a strategic approach when addressing math errors made by low-efficacy students. Rather than drawing direct attention to the error, tutors should guide the students to identify and correct their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Sanjit Kakarla , Danielle Thomas , Jionghao Lin , Shivang Gupta , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Intelligent tutoring systems have long enabled automated immediate feedback on student work when it is presented in a tightly structured format and when problems are very constrained, but reliably assessing free-form mathematical reasoning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Aron Gohr , Marie-Amelie Lawn , Kevin Gao , Inigo Serjeant , Stephen Heslip

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in AI-driven educational instruction and assessment, particularly within mathematics education. The capability of LLMs to generate accurate answers and detailed solutions for math…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Liang Zhang , Edith Aurora Graf

Intelligent tutoring systems have demonstrated effectiveness in teaching formal propositional logic proofs, but their reliance on template-based explanations limits their ability to provide personalized student feedback. While large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Sutapa Dey Tithi , Arun Kumar Ramesh , Clara DiMarco , Xiaoyi Tian , Nazia Alam , Kimia Fazeli , Tiffany Barnes

Deep learning models exhibit a preference for statistical fitting over logical reasoning. Spurious correlations might be memorized when there exists statistical bias in training data, which severely limits the model performance especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Wei Wang , Boxin Wang , Ning Shi , Jinfeng Li , Bingyu Zhu , Xiangyu Liu , Rong Zhang

Reward hacking, where a reasoning model exploits loopholes in a reward function to achieve high rewards without solving the intended task, poses a significant threat. This behavior may be explicit, i.e. verbalized in the model's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xinpeng Wang , Nitish Joshi , Barbara Plank , Rico Angell , He He

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) refers to a form of tests that are personalized to every student/test taker. CAT methods adaptively select the next most informative question/item for each student given their responses to previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Aritra Ghosh , Andrew Lan

Existing work on generating hints in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) focuses mostly on manual and non-personalized feedback. In this work, we explore automatically generated questions as personalized feedback in an ITS. Our personalized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Devang Kulshreshtha , Muhammad Shayan , Robert Belfer , Siva Reddy , Iulian Vlad Serban , Ekaterina Kochmar

AI-powered language learning tools increasingly provide instant, personalised feedback to millions of learners worldwide. However, this feedback can fail in ways that are difficult for learners--and even teachers--to detect, potentially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Ben Knight , Wm. Matthew Kennedy , Danielle Carvalho , Isaac Pattis , James Edgell

Linear probes are a promising approach for monitoring AI systems for deceptive behaviour. Previous work has shown that a linear classifier trained on a contrastive instruction pair and a simple dataset can achieve good performance. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Vikram Natarajan , Devina Jain , Shivam Arora , Satvik Golechha , Joseph Bloom

Across multiple language pairings (English $\to$ \{Spanish, French, German, Mandarin, Japanese, Urdu, Cantonese\}), we find reasoning errors in translation. To quantify how often these reasoning errors occur, we leverage an automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Calvin Bao , Marine Carpuat

When copies of the same language model are prompted to debate, they produce diverse phrasings of one perspective rather than diverse perspectives. Multi-agent debate (MAD), and more broadly closed-system reasoning where agents iteratively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Kwan Soo Shin

Multi-hop question answering requires a model to connect multiple pieces of evidence scattered in a long context to answer the question. In this paper, we show that in the multi-hop HotpotQA (Yang et al., 2018) dataset, the examples often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Yichen Jiang , Mohit Bansal