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We study the Takagi-van der Waerden functions $f_r (x)$, a well-known class of continuous but nowhere differentiable functions, from probabilistic point of view. As an application of elephant random walks remembering the very recent past…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-27 Yuzaburo Nakano , Masato Takei

In this paper, we prove that for some Generalized Takagi Classes, in particular for the Takagi-Van der Waerden Class, the functions are nowhere differentiable if, and only if, the sequence of weights does not belong to $c_0$.

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2019-09-13 Juan Ferrera , Javier Gómez Gil , Jesús Llorente

We introduce the Takagi--van der Waerden function with parameters $a{>}b{>}0$ by setting $f_{a,b}(x)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty b^n d\big(x,S_n\big)$, where $S_n$ is a maximal $\frac1{a^n}$-separated set in a metric space $X$. So, if…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-12-19 Oleksandr Maslyuchenko , Ziemowit Wójcicki

This paper examines the level sets of the continuous but nowhere differentiable functions \begin{equation*} f_r(x)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty r^{-n}\phi(r^n x), \end{equation*} where $\phi(x)$ is the distance from $x$ to the nearest integer, and $r$…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2014-12-30 Pieter C. Allaart

We consider a non-Markovian discrete-time random walk on $\mathbb{Z}$ with unbounded memory called the elephant random walk (ERW). We prove a strong invariance principle for the ERW. More specifically, we prove that, under a suitable…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-12-18 Cristian F. Coletti , Renato Gava , Gunter M. Schütz

We consider Weierstra\ss\ and Takagi-van der Waerden functions with critical degree of roughness. In this case, the functions have vanishing $p^{\text{th}}$ variation for all $p>1$ but are also nowhere differentiable and hence not of…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-09-14 Xiyue Han , Alexander Schied , Zhenyuan Zhang

The aim of this paper is to investigate discrete approximations of the exponential functional $\int_0^{\infty} \exp(B(t) - \nu t) \di t$ of Brownian motion (which plays an important role in Asian options of financial mathematics) by the…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-08-10 Tamas Szabados , Balazs Szekely

We consider a class $\mathscr{X}$ of continuous functions on $[0,1]$ that is of interest from two different perspectives. First, it is closely related to sets of functions that have been studied as generalizations of the Takagi function.…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-08-14 Alexander Schied

This paper is concerned with Random walk approximations of the Brownian motion on the Affine group Aff(R). We are in particular interested in the case where the innovations are discrete. In this framework, the return probability of the walk…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-09-20 V Konakov , S Menozzi , Stanislav Molchanov

In this paper, we investigate the Takagi-van der Waerden function, $$ T_r(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\phi(r^n x)}{r^n} ,\quad x\in [0,1], \quad r \in \mathbb{Z}^+, $$ where $\phi(x)={\rm dist}(x,\mathbb{Z})$ represents the distance from…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Lai Jiang , Ting-Ting Ying , Yi-Yang Zhang

We consider a probabilistic approach to compute the Wiener--Young $\Phi$-variation of fractal functions in the Takagi class. Here, the $\Phi$-variation is understood as a generalization of the quadratic variation or, more generally, the…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-12-14 Xiyue Han , Alexander Schied , Zhenyuan Zhang

We present a self-contained and modern survey of some existing quasi-sure results via the connection to the Brownian sheet. Among other things, we prove that quasi-every continuous function: (i) satisfies the local law of the iterated…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Davar Khoshnevisan

The Takagi function $T:[0,1]\to \mathbb{R}$ is a classical example of a continuous nowhere differentiable function. In this paper, we study the discrete dynamical system generated by the Takagi function. First, we prove that for almost…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Zoltán Buczolich , Jesús Llorente

This paper sketches the history of the Takagi function T and surveys known properties of T, including its nowhere-differentiability, modulus of continuity, graphical properties and level sets. Several generalizations of the Takagi function,…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2012-08-15 Pieter Allaart , Kiko Kawamura

The functions of the Takagi exponential class are similar in construction to the continuous, nowhere differentiable Takagi function described in 1901. They have one real parameter $v\in (-1;1)$ and at points $x\in{\mathbb R}$ are defined by…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2020-03-20 Oleg Galkin , Svetlana Galkina

The concept of the $p^{\text{th}}$ variation of a continuous function $f$ along a refining sequence of partitions is the key to a pathwise It\^o integration theory with integrator $f$. Here, we analyze the $p^{\text{th}}$ variation of a…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-04-29 Alexander Schied , Zhenyuan Zhang

In this paper, we present several path properties, simulations, inferences, and generalizations of the weighted sub-fractional Brownian motion. A primary focus is on the derivation of the covariance function $R_{f,b}(s,t)$ for the weighted…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Ramirez-Gonzalez Jose Hermenegildo , Sun Ying

We consider a generalized version of the Takagi function, which is one of the most famous example of nowhere differentiable continuous functions. We investigate a set of conditions to describe the rate of convergence of Takagi class…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-11-26 Shoto Osaka , Masato Takei

We establish almost sure invariance principles, a strong form of approximation by Brownian motion, for non-stationary time-series arising as observations on dynamical systems. Our examples include observations on sequential expanding maps,…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2014-06-18 N. Haydn , M. Nicol , A. Tôrôk , S. Vaienti

The Takagi function is a classical example of a continuous nowhere differentiable function. In this paper we prove that it is nowhere approximately derivable.

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2019-06-26 Juan Ferrera , Javier Gómez Gil
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