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Large language models have shown that impressive zero-shot performance can be achieved through natural language prompts (Radford et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2020; Sanh et al., 2021). Creating an effective prompt, however, requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Gabriel Orlanski

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in long and complex reasoning tasks. However, they frequently exhibit a problematic reliance on familiar reasoning patterns, a phenomenon we term \textit{reasoning rigidity}.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Doohyuk Jang , Yoonjeon Kim , Chanjae Park , Hyun Ryu , Eunho Yang

Recent research shows that pre-trained language models (PLMs) suffer from "prompt bias" in factual knowledge extraction, i.e., prompts tend to introduce biases toward specific labels. Prompt bias presents a significant challenge in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Ziyang Xu , Keqin Peng , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao , Xiliang Lu

In contested domains, instruction-tuned language models must balance user-alignment pressures against faithfulness to the in-context evidence. To evaluate this tension, we introduce a controlled epistemic-conflict framework grounded in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Sai Koneru , Elphin Joe , Christine Kirchhoff , Jian Wu , Sarah Rajtmajer

The instruction hierarchy, which establishes a priority order from system messages to user messages, conversation history, and tool outputs, is essential for ensuring consistent and safe behavior in language models (LMs). Despite its…

System prompts are a central control mechanism in modern AI systems, shaping behavior across conversations, tasks, and user populations. Yet they are difficult to tune when feedback is available only as aggregate metrics rather than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zhiyuan Jerry Lin , Benjamin Letham , Samuel Dooley , Maximilian Balandat , Eytan Bakshy

Prompt Tuning has been a popular Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning method attributed to its remarkable performance with few updated parameters on various large-scale pretrained Language Models (PLMs). Traditionally, each prompt has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Yu-Chen Lin , Wei-Hua Li , Jun-Cheng Chen , Chu-Song Chen

We evaluate LLMs' language understanding capacities on simple inference tasks that most humans find trivial. Specifically, we target (i) grammatically-specified entailments, (ii) premises with evidential adverbs of uncertainty, and (iii)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Victoria Basmov , Yoav Goldberg , Reut Tsarfaty

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly common in educational applications, there is a growing need for evidence-based methods to design and evaluate LLM prompts that produce personalized and pedagogically aligned out-puts. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Langdon Holmes , Adam Coscia , Scott Crossley , Joon Suh Choi , Wesley Morris

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). In practical scenarios like recommendations, as users increasingly seek personalized experiences, it becomes crucial to incorporate user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Langming Liu , Shilei Liu , Yujin Yuan , Yizhen Zhang , Bencheng Yan , Zhiyuan Zeng , Zihao Wang , Jiaqi Liu , Di Wang , Wenbo Su , Pengjie Wang , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

Prompt underspecification is a common challenge when interacting with LLMs. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of this problem, showing that while LLMs can often infer unspecified requirements by default (41.1%), such behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chenyang Yang , Yike Shi , Qianou Ma , Michael Xieyang Liu , Christian Kästner , Tongshuang Wu

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is a well-established educational pursuit that employs machine learning to evaluate student-authored essays. While much effort has been made in this area, current research primarily focuses on either (i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Yuyang Li , Quanlong Guan , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

Large language models have exhibited intriguing in-context learning capability, achieving promising zero- and few-shot performance without updating the parameters. However, conventional in-context learning is usually restricted by length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Yaru Hao , Yutao Sun , Li Dong , Zhixiong Han , Yuxian Gu , Furu Wei

Deep learning models continuously break new records across different NLP tasks. At the same time, their success exposes weaknesses of model evaluation. Here, we compile several key pitfalls of evaluation of sentence embeddings, a currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Steffen Eger , Andreas Rücklé , Iryna Gurevych

A particularly successful class of approaches for few-shot learning combines language models with prompts -- hand-crafted task descriptions that complement data samples. However, designing prompts by hand for each task commonly requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Rami Aly , Xingjian Shi , Kaixiang Lin , Aston Zhang , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Existing class-agnostic counting models typically rely on a single type of prompt, e.g., box annotations. This paper aims to establish a comprehensive prompt-based counting framework capable of generating density maps for concerned objects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Wei Lin , Antoni B. Chan

Machine unlearning aims to selectively remove targeted knowledge from Large Language Models (LLMs), ensuring they forget specified content while retaining essential information. Existing unlearning metrics assess whether a model correctly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Wonje Jeung , Sangyeon Yoon , Albert No

As generative AI systems rapidly improve, a key question emerges: how do users adapt to these changes, and when does such adaptation matter for realizing performance gains? Drawing on theories of dynamic capabilities and IT complements, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Eaman Jahani , Benjamin S. Manning , Joe Zhang , Hong-Yi TuYe , Mohammed Alsobay , Christos Nicolaides , Siddharth Suri , David Holtz

The class-imbalance issue is intrinsic to many real-world machine learning tasks, particularly to the rare-event classification problems. Although the impact and treatment of imbalanced data is widely known, the magnitude of a metric's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Azim Ahmadzadeh , Rafal A. Angryk

Artificial general intelligence on graphs has shown significant advancements across various applications, yet the traditional 'Pre-train & Fine-tune' paradigm faces inefficiencies and negative transfer issues, particularly in complex and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Chenyi Zi , Haihong Zhao , Xiangguo Sun , Yiqing Lin , Hong Cheng , Jia Li