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The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems faces significant challenges in hardware heterogeneity and control complexity. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) emerges as a critical enabler, providing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Ningyuan Yang , Guanliang Lyu , Mingchen Ma , Yiyi Lu , Yiming Li , Zhihui Gao , Hancheng Ye , Jianyi Zhang , Tingjun Chen , Yiran Chen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a standard interface through which LLM agents invoke external tools, and a growing ecosystem of MCP servers now mediates access to vendor services. Most of these servers target vendors that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Meriem Mastouri , Emna Ksontini , Amine Barrak , Wael Kessentini

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) replaces static, developer-controlled API integrations with more dynamic, user-driven agent systems, which also introduces new security risks. As MCP adoption grows across community servers and major…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Herman Errico , Jiquan Ngiam , Shanita Sojan

The Model Context Protocol has emerged as a transformative standard for connecting large language models to external data sources and tools, rapidly gaining adoption across major AI providers and development platforms. However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Ziyang Luo , Zhiqi Shen , Wenzhuo Yang , Zirui Zhao , Prathyusha Jwalapuram , Amrita Saha , Doyen Sahoo , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Junnan Li

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard interface for connecting LLM agents to external tools. Because MCP servers expose privileged operations such as shell execution, network access, and file-system manipulation to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Pengyu Sun , Qishu Jin , Enhao Huang , Zifeng Kang , Xin Liu , Dakun Shen , Song Li

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an emerging standard designed to enable seamless interaction between Large Language Model (LLM) applications and external tools or resources. Within a short period, thousands of MCP services have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hao Song , Yiming Shen , Wenxuan Luo , Leixin Guo , Ting Chen , Jiashui Wang , Beibei Li , Xiaosong Zhang , Jiachi Chen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how large language model (LLM) agents discover, describe, and call external tools. While MCP unlocks broad interoperability, it also enlarges the attack surface by making tools first-class,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Dongsen Zhang , Zekun Li , Xu Luo , Xuannan Liu , Peipei Li , Wenjun Xu

As Agentic AI gain mainstream adoption, the industry invests heavily in model capabilities, achieving rapid leaps in reasoning and quality. However, these systems remain largely confined to data silos, and each new integration requires…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sonu Kumar , Anubhav Girdhar , Ritesh Patil , Divyansh Tripathi

Agentic AI systems built around large language models (LLMs) are moving away from closed, single-model frameworks and toward open ecosystems that connect a variety of agents, external tools, and resources. The Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinyi Hou , Shenao Wang , Yifan Zhang , Ziluo Xue , Yanjie Zhao , Cai Fu , Haoyu Wang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a recently proposed interoperability standard that unifies how AI agents connect with external tools and data sources. By defining a set of common client-server message exchange clauses, MCP replaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nanzi Yang , Weiheng Bai , Kangjie Lu

AI-assisted developer services are increasingly embedded in modern IDEs, yet enterprises must ensure these tools operate within existing identity, access control, and governance requirements. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Manideep Reddy Chinthareddy

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how a large-language-model (LLM) agent and an external tool server exchange messages, but not trust: a host reads a server's self-declared tool list and dispatches calls, with no notion of which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Alfredo Metere

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly become a de facto standard for connecting LLM-based agents with external tools via reusable MCP servers. In practice, however, server selection and onboarding rely heavily on free-text tool…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Peiran Wang , Ying Li , Yuqiang Sun , Chengwei Liu , Yang Liu , Yuan Tian

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external tools and data. However, MCP servers often expose privileged capabilities, such as file system access, network requests, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

Model Context Protocol (MCP) is increasingly adopted for tool-integrated LLM agents, but its multi-layer design and third-party server ecosystem expand risks across tool metadata, untrusted outputs, cross-tool flows, multimodal inputs, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Run Hao , Zhuoran Tan

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers contain a collection of thousands of open-source standardized tools, linking LLMs to external systems; however, existing datasets and benchmarks lack realistic, human-like user queries, remaining a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Shubh Laddha , Lucas Changbencharoen , Win Kuptivej , Surya Shringla , Archana Vaidheeswaran , Yash Bhaskar

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how AI agents discover and invoke external tools, with over 10,000 active servers and 97 million monthly SDK downloads as of early 2026. Yet MCP does not yet standardize how agents safely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Vasundra Srinivasan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has recently emerged as a standardized interface for connecting language models with external tools and data. As the ecosystem rapidly expands, the lack of a structured, comprehensive view of existing MCP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Zhiwei Lin , Bonan Ruan , Jiahao Liu , Weibo Zhao

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a universal standard that enables AI agents to seamlessly connect with external tools, significantly enhancing their functionality. However, while MCP brings notable benefits, it also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yongjian Guo , Puzhuo Liu , Wanlun Ma , Zehang Deng , Xiaogang Zhu , Peng Di , Xi Xiao , Sheng Wen

By providing a standardized interface for LLM agents to interact with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is quickly becoming a cornerstone of the modern autonomous agent ecosystem. However, it creates novel attack surfaces due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Zhiqiang Wang , Yichao Gao , Yanting Wang , Suyuan Liu , Haifeng Sun , Haoran Cheng , Guanquan Shi , Haohua Du , Xiangyang Li