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Safety-aligned large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world pipelines, yet this deployment also enlarges the supply-chain attack surface: adversaries can distribute backdoored checkpoints that behave normally under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Rui Yin , Tianxu Han , Naen Xu , Changjiang Li , Ping He , Chunyi Zhou , Jun Wang , Zhihui Fu , Tianyu Du , Jinbao Li , Shouling Ji

Backdoor attacks are a significant threat to large language models (LLMs), often embedded via public checkpoints, yet existing defenses rely on impractical assumptions about trigger settings. To address this challenge, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Liang Lin , Miao Yu , Moayad Aloqaily , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Linsey Pang , Prakhar Mehrotra , Qingsong Wen

Code LLMs are increasingly employed in software development. However, studies have shown that they are vulnerable to backdoor attacks: when a trigger (a specific input pattern) appears in the input, the backdoor will be activated and cause…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chenyu Wang , Zhou Yang , Yaniv Harel , David Lo

Backdoor attacks embed malicious behaviors into Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling adversaries to trigger harmful outputs or bypass safety controls. However, the persistence of the implanted backdoors under user-driven post-deployment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jing Cui , Yufei Han , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang

Recent studies have widely investigated backdoor attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) by inserting harmful question-answer (QA) pairs into their training data. However, we revisit existing attacks and identify two critical limitations:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jiawei Kong , Hao Fang , Xiaochen Yang , Kuofeng Gao , Bin Chen , Shu-Tao Xia , Ke Xu , Han Qiu

Jailbreak backdoor attacks on LLMs have garnered attention for their effectiveness and stealth. However, existing methods rely on the crafting of poisoned datasets and the time-consuming process of fine-tuning. In this work, we propose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhuowei Chen , Qiannan Zhang , Shichao Pei

Recent research highlights concerns about the trustworthiness of third-party Pre-Trained Language Models (PTLMs) due to potential backdoor attacks. These backdoored PTLMs, however, are effective only for specific pre-defined downstream…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Rui Zhang , Yun Shen , Hongwei Li , Wenbo Jiang , Hanxiao Chen , Yuan Zhang , Guowen Xu , Yang Zhang

The emergence of graph foundation models (GFMs), particularly those incorporating language models (LMs), has revolutionized graph learning and demonstrated remarkable performance on text-attributed graphs (TAGs). However, compared to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Xiaoyu Xue , Yuni Lai , Chenxi Huang , Yulin Zhu , Gaolei Li , Xiaoge Zhang , Kai Zhou

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved remarkable success in a wide range of sequential decision-making applications, including robotics, healthcare, smart grids, and finance. Recent studies reveal that adversaries can implant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Mingxuan Zhang , Oubo Ma , Kang Wei , Songze Li , Shouling Ji

The Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to offer efficient and intelligent services for future mobile communication networks, owing to their exceptional capabilities in language comprehension and generation. However, the extremely high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Haomiao Yang , Kunlan Xiang , Mengyu Ge , Hongwei Li , Rongxing Lu , Shui Yu

The increasing demand for customized Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to the development of solutions like GPTs. These solutions facilitate tailored LLM creation via natural language prompts without coding. However, the trustworthiness…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Rui Wen , Wenbo Jiang , Yuan Zhang , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Backdoor attacks are a kind of insidious security threat against machine learning models. After being injected with a backdoor in training, the victim model will produce adversary-specified outputs on the inputs embedded with predesigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Fanchao Qi , Mukai Li , Yangyi Chen , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Yasheng Wang , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance compared to previous methods on various tasks, and often serve as the foundation models for many researches and services. However, the untrustworthy third-party LLMs may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Hai Huang , Zhengyu Zhao , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

With the rise of advanced reasoning capabilities, large language models (LLMs) are receiving increasing attention. However, although reasoning improves LLMs' performance on downstream tasks, it also introduces new security risks, as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Man Hu , Xinyi Wu , Zuofeng Suo , Jinbo Feng , Linghui Meng , Yanhao Jia , Anh Tuan Luu , Shuai Zhao

Backdoor attacks significantly compromise the security of large language models by triggering them to output specific and controlled content. Currently, triggers for textual backdoor attacks fall into two categories: fixed-token triggers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jingyi Zheng , Tianyi Hu , Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He

Backdoor attacks compromise model reliability by using triggers to manipulate outputs. Trigger inversion can accurately locate these triggers via a generator and is therefore critical for backdoor defense. However, the discrete nature of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Ruyi Zhang , Heng Gao , Songlei Jian , Yusong Tan , Haifang Zhou

Backdoor attacks pose a serious security threat to large language models (LLMs), which are increasingly deployed as general-purpose assistants in safety- and privacy-critical applications. Existing LLM backdoors rely primarily on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Rui Wen , Mark Russinovich , Andrew Paverd , Jun Sakuma , Ahmed Salem

Adversarial Machine Learning (AML) is a rapidly growing field of security research, with an often overlooked area being model attacks through side-channels. Previous works show such attacks to be serious threats, though little progress has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Stefan Trawicki , William Hackett , Lewis Birch , Neeraj Suri , Peter Garraghan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are employed across various high-stakes domains, where the reliability of their outputs is crucial. One commonly used method to assess the reliability of LLMs' responses is uncertainty estimation, which gauges…

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan
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