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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technology for future wireless communication systems. Conventional RIS is constrained to a diagonal scattering matrix, which limits its flexibility. Recently, beyond-diagonal RIS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Zheyu Wu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Double-reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technique, achieving a substantial gain improvement compared to single-RIS techniques. However, in double-RIS-aided systems, accurate channel estimation is more challenging than…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Songjie Yang , Wanting Lyu , Yue Xiu , Zhongpei Zhang , Chau Yuen

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) generalizes the conventional diagonal RIS (D-RIS) by introducing tunable inter-element connections, offering enhanced wave manipulation capabilities. However, realizing the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Yiyang Peng , Binggui Zhou , Yutong Zheng , Danilo Mandic , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is envisioned to be a promising green technology to reduce the energy consumption and improve the coverage and spectral efficiency of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless networks.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Zhen-Qing He , Hang Liu , Xiaojun Yuan , Ying-Jun Angela Zhang , Ying-Chang Liang

Channel estimation in reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication systems is challenging as pilots cannot be decoded at or transmitted from a RIS with only passive elements. We…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-22 Battu Deepak , R. S. Prasobh Sankar , Sundeep Prabhakar Chepuri

The emerging reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is promising for applications in the millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems to effectively compensate for propagation loss or tackle the blockage issue. Considering…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-08 Yu Liu , Ming Chen , Cunhua Pan , Yijin Pan , Yinlu Wang , Yaoming Huang , Tianyang Cao , Jiangzhou Wang

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) can shape the radio propagation environment by virtue of changing the impinging electromagnetic waves towards any desired directions, thus, breaking the general Snell's reflection law. However, the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-15 Jiguang He , Henk Wymeersch , Markku Juntti

A significant increase in the number of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) elements results in a spherical wavefront in the near field of extremely large-scale RIS (XL-RIS). Although the channel matrix of the cascaded two-hop link may…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-14 Zixing Tang , Yuanbin Chen , Ying Wang , Tianqi Mao , Qingqing Wu , Marco Di Renzo , Lajos Hanzo

This paper examines the cascaded deployment of beyond diagonal (BD) reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and explores its potential to enhance the performance of MIMO systems. We first derive the jointly optimal closed form solutions…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-11 M. S. S. Manasa , Praful D. Mankar , Sundaram Vanka

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have been proposed recently as new technology to tune the wireless propagation channels in real-time. However, most of the current works assume single-RIS (S-RIS)-aided systems, which can be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Khaled Ardah , Sepideh Gherekhloo , André L. F. de Almeida , Martin Haardt

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) can be used to improve the channel gain between a base station (BS) and user equipment (UE), but only if its $N$ reflecting elements are configured properly. This requires accurate estimation of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-24 Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Emil Björnson , Luca Sanguinetti

In this paper, we study the high-resolution channel estimation problem for intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications, which is a prerequisite to guarantee…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-23 C. Jia , J. Cheng , H. Gao , W. Xu

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed recently as a novel and generalized RIS architecture that offers enhanced wave manipulation flexibility and large coverage expansion. However, the beyond-diagonal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang

In this paper, we investigate channel estimation for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) empowered millimeter-wave (mmWave) multi-user single-input multiple-output communication systems using low-resolution quantization. Due to the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Gyoseung Lee , In-soo Kim , Yonina C. Eldar , A. Lee Swindlehurst , Hyeongtaek Lee , Minje Kim , Junil Choi

In the realm of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted communication systems, the connection between a base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) is formed by a cascaded channel, merging the BS-RIS and RIS-UE channels. Due to the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Yiming Cui , Jiajia Guo , Chao-Kai Wen , Shi Jin

The parametrization of wireless channels by so-called "beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces" (BD-RIS) is mathematically characterized by a matrix whose off-diagonal entries are partially or fully populated. Physically, this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-31 Philipp del Hougne

In this letter, we investigate the transmission of a complex-valued parameter vector from a transmitter to an intended receiver, considering both the presence and absence of an eavesdropper. The direct links from the transmitter to both the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-12 Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Sinan Gezici

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), with its enhanced degrees of freedom compared to conventional RIS, has demonstrated notable potential for enhancing wireless communication performance. However, a key challenge in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-15 Yijie Liu , Weidong Mei , He Sun , Dong Wang , Peilan Wang

A fundamental challenge in millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is the susceptibility to blocking objects. One way to alleviate this problem is the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS). Nevertheless, due to the large number of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Yaoshen Cui , Haifan Yin , Li Tan , Marco Di Renzo