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Prior-data fitted networks (PFNs) have emerged as powerful foundation models for tabular causal inference, yet their extension to time series remains limited by the absence of synthetic data generators that provide interventional targets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Dennis Thumm , Ying Chen

Predictive models play a pivotal role in credit risk management, guiding critical decisions through accurate estimation of default probabilities and losses. Extensive research has introduced new modeling techniques, complemented by…

Small Earth data are geoscience observations with limited short-term monitoring variability, providing sparse but meaningful measurements, typically exhibiting spatiotemporal correlations. Spatiotemporal forecasting on such data is crucial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yuting Yang , Gang Mei , Zhengjing Ma , Nengxiong Xu , Jianbing Peng

The development of tabular foundation models (TFMs) has accelerated in recent years, showing strong potential to outperform traditional ML methods for structured data. A key finding is that TFMs can be pretrained entirely on synthetic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Matthew Peroni , Franck Le , Vadim Sheinin

Near-infrared spectroscopy is increasingly used as a rapid, non-destructive chemical sensing technology for the analysis of food, pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples. However, the practical deployment of NIR sensors still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Robin Reiter , Denis Cornet , Fabien Michel , Lauriane Rouan , Gregory Beurier

Tabular foundational models are pre-trained models designed for a wide range of tabular data tasks. They have shown strong performance across domains, yet their internal representations and learned concepts remain poorly understood. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Aviral Gupta , Armaan Sethi , Dhruv Kumar

Tabular data underpins most high-value prediction problems in science and industry, and TabPFN has driven the foundation model revolution for this modality. Designed with feedback from our users, TabPFN-3 builds on this foundation to scale…

Foundation models have achieved remarkable success across diverse machine-learning domains through large-scale pretraining on large, diverse datasets. However, pretraining on such datasets introduces significant challenges due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Peiliang Gong , Emadeldeen Eldele , Min Wu , Zhenghua Chen , Xiaoli Li , Daoqiang Zhang

While interests in tabular deep learning has significantly grown, conventional tree-based models still outperform deep learning methods. To narrow this performance gap, we explore the innovative retrieval mechanism, a methodology that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Felix den Breejen , Sangmin Bae , Stephen Cha , Tae-Young Kim , Seoung Hyun Koh , Se-Young Yun

Recent advancements in foundation models for tabular data, such as TabPFN, demonstrated that pretrained Transformer architectures can approximate Bayesian inference with high predictive performance. However, Transformers suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Felix Koch , Marcel Wever , Fabian Raisch , Benjamin Tischler

Tabular foundation models such as TabPFN have revolutionized predictive machine learning for tabular data. At the same time, the driving factors of this revolution are hard to understand. Existing open-source tabular foundation models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Alexander Pfefferle , Johannes Hog , Lennart Purucker , Frank Hutter

Prior-Data Fitted Networks (PFNs) enable amortized Bayesian inference in a single forward pass, yet their internal representations remain opaque. It is unknown whether PFNs encode identifiable Bayesian structure or merely memorize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaustubh Sharma , Srijan Tiwari , Ojasva Nema , Parikshit Pareek

Task-agnostic tabular foundation models such as TabPFN have achieved impressive performance on tabular learning tasks, yet the origins of their inductive biases remain poorly understood. In this work, we study TabPFN through the lens of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jianqiao Zheng , Cameron Gordon , Yiping Ji , Hemanth Saratchandran , Simon Lucey

TabPFN [Hollmann et al., 2023], a Transformer model pretrained to perform in-context learning on fresh tabular classification problems, was presented at the last ICLR conference. To better understand its behavior, we treat it as a black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Calvin McCarter

Foundation models pretrained on large data have demonstrated remarkable zero-shot generalization capabilities across domains. Building on the success of TabPFN for tabular data and its recent extension to time series, we investigate whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Jeongwhan Choi , Woosung Kang , Minseo Kim , Jongwoo Kim , Noseong Park

Non-parametric distributional regression has achieved significant milestones in recent years. Among these, the Tabular Prior-Data Fitted Network (TabPFN) has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on various benchmarks. However, a…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-01-12 Jonas Landsgesell

Classical machine learning models, such as linear models and tree-based models, are widely used in industry. These models are sensitive to data distribution, thus feature preprocessing, which transforms features from one distribution to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Danrui Qi , Jinglin Peng , Yongjun He , Jiannan Wang

Modelling claim frequency and severity for non-life insurance pricing predominantly relies on generalised linear models, with gradient-boosted machines as the leading machine learning alternative. Tabular foundation models (TFMs) present a…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-26 Bruno Deprez , Wouter Verbeke , Tim Verdonck

Advances in deep generative modelling have not translated well to tabular data. We argue that this is caused by a mismatch in structure between popular generative models and discriminative models of tabular data. We thus devise a technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Junwei Ma , Apoorv Dankar , George Stein , Guangwei Yu , Anthony Caterini

Sampling biases can cause distribution shifts between train and test datasets for supervised learning tasks, obscuring our ability to understand the generalization capacity of a model. This is especially important considering the wide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Max Vargas , Adam Tsou , Andrew Engel , Tony Chiang