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The \textit{de facto} paradigm for applying dense retrieval (DR) to new tasks involves fine-tuning a pre-trained model for a specific task. However, this paradigm has two significant limitations: (1) It is difficult adapt the DR to a new…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhan Su , Fengran Mo , Jinghan Zhang , Yuchen Hui , Jia Ao Sun , Bingbing Wen , Jian-Yun Nie

While large language models (LLMs) fine-tuned with lightweight adapters achieve strong performance across diverse tasks, their performance on individual tasks depends on the fine-tuning strategy. Fusing independently trained models with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Sanae Lotfi , Lucas Caccia , Alessandro Sordoni , Jordan T. Ash , Miroslav Dudik

Model merging aggregates Large Language Models (LLMs) finetuned on different tasks into a stronger one. However, parameter conflicts between models leads to performance degradation in averaging. While model routing addresses this issue by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kunfeng Lai , Zhenheng Tang , Xinglin Pan , Peijie Dong , Xiang Liu , Haolan Chen , Li Shen , Bo Li , Xiaowen Chu

Training large neural networks and merging task-specific models both exploit low-rank structure and require parameter importance estimation, yet these challenges have been pursued in isolation. Current workflows compute curvature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Alireza Moayedikia , Alicia Troncoso

Model merging is a powerful technique for integrating the specialized knowledge of multiple machine learning models into a single model. However, existing methods require manually partitioning model parameters into fixed groups for merging,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 João Abrantes , Robert Tjarko Lange , Yujin Tang

During modeling of dynamical systems, often two or more model architectures are combined to obtain a more powerful or efficient model regarding a specific application area. This covers the combination of multiple machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Tobias Thummerer , Lars Mikelsons

Model Merging (MM) has emerged as a scalable paradigm for multi-task learning (MTL), enabling multiple task-specific models to be integrated without revisiting the original training data. Despite recent progress, the reliability of MM under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Yuhan Xie , Chen Lyu

With the development of large language models, fine-tuning has emerged as an effective method to enhance performance in specific scenarios by injecting domain-specific knowledge. In this context, model merging techniques provide a solution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zijian Li , Xiaocheng Feng , Huixin Liu , Yichong Huang , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable, but their development often requires substantial computational resources. While model merging has emerged as a cost-effective promising approach for creating new models by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Takuya Akiba , Makoto Shing , Yujin Tang , Qi Sun , David Ha

This study addresses the generalization limitations commonly observed in large language models under multi-task and cross-domain settings. Unlike prior methods such as SPoT, which depends on fixed prompt templates, our study introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Xin Hu , Yue Kang , Guanzi Yao , Tianze Kang , Mengjie Wang , Heyao Liu

Model merging aims to integrate the strengths of multiple fine-tuned models into a unified model while preserving task-specific capabilities. Existing methods, represented by task arithmetic, are typically classified into global- and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Kunda Yan , Min Zhang , Sen Cui , Zikun Qu , Bo Jiang , Feng Liu , Changshui Zhang

Model merging and task arithmetic have emerged as promising scalable approaches to merge multiple single-task checkpoints to one multi-task model, but their applicability is reduced by significant performance loss. Previous works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Ke Wang , Nikolaos Dimitriadis , Guillermo Ortiz-Jimenez , François Fleuret , Pascal Frossard

Model merging has emerged as a compelling data-free paradigm for multi-task learning, enabling the fusion of multiple fine-tuned models into a single, powerful entity. A key technique in merging methods is sparsification, which prunes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yingfeng Luo , Dingyang Lin , Junxin Wang , Ziqiang Xu , Kaiyan Chang , Tong Zheng , Bei Li , Anxiang Ma , Tong Xiao , Zhengtao Yu , Jingbo Zhu

Modern deep learning is increasingly characterized by the use of open-weight foundation models that can be fine-tuned on specialized datasets. This has led to a proliferation of expert models and adapters, often shared via platforms like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Stefan Horoi , Guy Wolf , Eugene Belilovsky , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

Fine-tuning large language models (LMs) for individual tasks yields strong performance but is expensive for deployment and storage. Recent works explore model merging to combine multiple task-specific models into a single multi-task model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Haobo Zhang , Jiayu Zhou

Model merging provides a compelling paradigm for integrating specialized expertise into a unified multi-task model, a goal that aligns naturally with the sequential knowledge acquisition in continual learning (CL). However, the requirement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xi Wang , Cheng Deng

Model merging, particularly through weight averaging, has shown surprising effectiveness in saving computations and improving model performance without any additional training. However, the interpretability of why and how this technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ibrahim Almakky , Ian Reid , Gustavo Carneiro , Mohammad Yaqub

To address the performance limitations of the Segment Anything Model (SAM) in specific domains, existing works primarily adopt adapter-based one-step adaptation paradigms. However, some of these methods are specific developed for specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Yuan-Chen Shu , Zhiwei Lin , Yongtao Wang

Recently, model merging techniques have surfaced as a solution to combine multiple single-talent models into a single multi-talent model. However, previous endeavors in this field have either necessitated additional training or fine-tuning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Zhengqi Xu , Ke Yuan , Huiqiong Wang , Yong Wang , Mingli Song , Jie Song

Adapting general-purpose language models to new skills is currently an expensive process that must be repeated as new instruction datasets targeting new skills are created, or can cause the models to forget older skills. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Jacob Morrison , Noah A. Smith , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Pang Wei Koh , Jesse Dodge , Pradeep Dasigi