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Transformers have outperformed recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in natural language generation. But this comes with a significant computational cost, as the attention mechanism's complexity scales quadratically with sequence length.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Jungo Kasai , Hao Peng , Yizhe Zhang , Dani Yogatama , Gabriel Ilharco , Nikolaos Pappas , Yi Mao , Weizhu Chen , Noah A. Smith

Distilling pretrained softmax attention Transformers into more efficient hybrid architectures that interleave softmax and linear attention layers is a promising approach for improving the inference efficiency of LLMs without requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yanhong Li , Songlin Yang , Shawn Tan , Mayank Mishra , Rameswar Panda , Jiawei Zhou , Yoon Kim

Multi-head attention, a collection of several attention mechanisms that independently attend to different parts of the input, is the key ingredient in the Transformer. Recent work has shown, however, that a large proportion of the heads in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Jiaoda Li , Ryan Cotterell , Mrinmaya Sachan

In this paper, we contend that the objective of representation learning is to compress and transform the distribution of the data, say sets of tokens, towards a mixture of low-dimensional Gaussian distributions supported on incoherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Yaodong Yu , Sam Buchanan , Druv Pai , Tianzhe Chu , Ziyang Wu , Shengbang Tong , Benjamin D. Haeffele , Yi Ma

High-resolution images enable neural networks to learn richer visual representations. However, this improved performance comes at the cost of growing computational complexity, hindering their usage in latency-sensitive applications. As not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Xuanyao Chen , Zhijian Liu , Haotian Tang , Li Yi , Hang Zhao , Song Han

In Transformer architectures, tokens\textemdash discrete units derived from raw data\textemdash are formed by segmenting inputs into fixed-length chunks. Each token is then mapped to an embedding, enabling parallel attention computations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenglun Kong , Yize Li , Fanhu Zeng , Lei Xin , Shvat Messica , Xue Lin , Pu Zhao , Manolis Kellis , Hao Tang , Marinka Zitnik

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have revolutionized high-fidelity video generation, yet their $\mathcal{O}(L^2)$ attention complexity poses a formidable bottleneck for long-sequence synthesis. While recent sparse-linear attention hybrids aim…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yuxi Liu , Zekun Zhang , Yixiang Cai , Renjia Deng , Yutong He , Kun Yuan

Attention-based transformer networks have demonstrated promising potential as their applications extend from natural language processing to vision. However, despite the recent improvements, such as sub-quadratic attention approximation and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Lingchuan Meng

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism represents one of the biggest hurdles for processing long sequences using Transformers. Current methods, relying on sparse representations or stateful recurrence, sacrifice token-to-token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Tobias Christian Nauen , Sebastian Palacio , Andreas Dengel

The transformer model is known to be computationally demanding, and prohibitively costly for long sequences, as the self-attention module uses a quadratic time and space complexity with respect to sequence length. Many researchers have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ziwei He , Meng Yang , Minwei Feng , Jingcheng Yin , Xinbing Wang , Jingwen Leng , Zhouhan Lin

Vision transformers (ViTs) have recently obtained success in many applications, but their intensive computation and heavy memory usage at both training and inference time limit their generalization. Previous compression algorithms usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zhenglun Kong , Haoyu Ma , Geng Yuan , Mengshu Sun , Yanyue Xie , Peiyan Dong , Xin Meng , Xuan Shen , Hao Tang , Minghai Qin , Tianlong Chen , Xiaolong Ma , Xiaohui Xie , Zhangyang Wang , Yanzhi Wang

While diffusion language models (DLMs) offer a promising alternative to autoregressive models (ARs), existing open-source DLMs suffer from high inference latency. This bottleneck is mainly due to the attention's quadratic complexity with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zeqing Wang , Gongfan Fang , Xinyin Ma , Xingyi Yang , Xinchao Wang

In this paper, we delve into the realm of vision transformers for continual semantic segmentation, a problem that has not been sufficiently explored in previous literature. Empirical investigations on the adaptation of existing frameworks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Bowen Dong , Guanglei Yang , Wangmeng Zuo , Lei Zhang

Transformers have become the foundation of numerous state-of-the-art AI models across diverse domains, thanks to their powerful attention mechanism for modeling long-range dependencies. However, the quadratic scaling complexity of attention…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zhenkun Fan , Zishen Wan , Che-Kai Liu , Ashwin Sanjay Lele , Win-San Khwa , Bo Zhang , Meng-Fan Chang , Arijit Raychowdhury

Deep ensembles excel in large-scale image classification tasks both in terms of prediction accuracy and calibration. Despite being simple to train, the computation and memory cost of deep ensembles limits their practicability. While some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Giung Nam , Jongmin Yoon , Yoonho Lee , Juho Lee

Visual attention helps achieve robust perception under noise, corruption, and distribution shifts in human vision, which are areas where modern neural networks still fall short. We present VARS, Visual Attention from Recurrent Sparse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Baifeng Shi , Yale Song , Neel Joshi , Trevor Darrell , Xin Wang

Transformer-based Super-Resolution (SR) methods have demonstrated superior performance compared to convolutional neural network (CNN)-based SR approaches due to their capability to capture long-range dependencies. However, their high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Karam Park , Jae Woong Soh , Nam Ik Cho

State-space models (SSMs) offer efficient sequence modeling but lag behind Transformers on benchmarks that require in-context retrieval. Prior work links this gap to a small set of attention heads, termed Gather-and-Aggregate (G&A), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Aviv Bick , Eric P. Xing , Albert Gu

Despite the promise of synthesizing high-fidelity videos, Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) with 3D full attention suffer from expensive inference due to the complexity of attention computation and numerous sampling steps. For example, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Hangliang Ding , Dacheng Li , Runlong Su , Peiyuan Zhang , Zhijie Deng , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang

Diffusion Transformers (DiT) are renowned for their impressive generative performance; however, they are significantly constrained by considerable computational costs due to the quadratic complexity in self-attention and the extensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Shuning Chang , Pichao Wang , Jiasheng Tang , Fan Wang , Yi Yang