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Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly trained to support very large context windows. We present Compactor, a training-free, query-agnostic KV compression strategy that uses approximate leverage scores to determine token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Vivek Chari , Benjamin Van Durme

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in long-context scenarios such as multi-turn conversations. However, long contexts pose significant challenges for inference efficiency, including high memory overhead from Key-Value…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Kuan Lu , Shuhang Lin , Sai Wu , Yichen Yao , Junhan Yang , Huan Li , Wei Chu , Xu Yinghui , Yuan Qi , Gang Chen

Memory and computation remain core bottlenecks in long-horizon LLM inference due to the quadratic cost of self-attention and the ever-growing key-value (KV) cache. Existing strategies for memory-bounded inference, such as quantization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ngoc Bui , Shubham Sharma , Simran Lamba , Saumitra Mishra , Rex Ying

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism and the substantial memory footprint of the Key-Value (KV) cache present severe computational and memory challenges for Large Language Models (LLMs) processing long contexts. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Dongfang Li , Zixuan Liu , Gang Lin , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Large language models have shown exceptional capabilities in a wide range of tasks, such as text generation and video generation, among others. However, due to their massive parameter count, these models often require substantial storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Qian Tao , Wenyuan Yu , Jingren Zhou

As modern LLMs support thousands to millions of tokens, KV caches grow to hundreds of gigabytes, stressing memory capacity and bandwidth. Existing solutions, such as KV cache pruning and offloading, alleviate these but underutilize hardware…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mao Lin , Xi Wang , Guilherme Cox , Dong Li , Hyeran Jeon

While large language models (LLMs) excel at handling long-context sequences, they require substantial prefill computation and key-value (KV) cache, which can heavily burden computational efficiency and memory usage in both prefill and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongwon Jo , Jiwon Song , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

Interacting with humans through multi-turn conversations is a fundamental feature of large language models (LLMs). However, existing LLM serving engines executing multi-turn conversations are inefficient due to the need to repeatedly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Bin Gao , Zhuomin He , Puru Sharma , Qingxuan Kang , Djordje Jevdjic , Junbo Deng , Xingkun Yang , Zhou Yu , Pengfei Zuo

Withtherapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), the context length for inference has been continuously increasing, leading to an exponential growth in the demand for Key-Value (KV) caching. This has resulted in a significant…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yanyu Liu , Jingying Fu , Sixiang Liu , Yitian Zou , You Fu , Jiehan Zhou , Shouhua Zhang

Role specialization in multi-LLM agent systems is often realized via multi-LoRA, where agents share a pretrained backbone and differ only through lightweight adapters. Despite sharing base model weights, each agent independently builds and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hyesung Jeon , Hyeongju Ha , Jae-Joon Kim

In long-context Large Language Model (LLM) inference, the Time-To-First-Token (TTFT) latency incurred by the prefill stage has become the foremost bottleneck limiting interactive performance and deployment cost. KV Cache reuse offers a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Fei li , Song Liu , Yan Liu , Jinhua Cui , Shiqiang Nie , Jinyu Wang , Weiguo Wu

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) serving systems commonly employ KV-cache compression to reduce memory footprint. However, existing compression methods introduce significant processing overhead and queuing delays, particularly in…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jianian Zhu , Hang Wu , Haojie Wang , Yinghui Li , Biao Hou , Ruixuan Li , Jidong Zhai

Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter severe memory inefficiencies during long-context inference due to conventional handling of key-value (KV) caches. In this work, we introduce a novel integration of PagedAttention with PyTorch's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Thomas Joshi , Herman Saini , Neil Dhillon , Antoni Viros i Martin , Kaoutar El Maghraoui

While Large Language Models (LLMs) can theoretically support extensive context windows, their actual deployment is constrained by the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache memory. Prevailing compression strategies mitigate this through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Aryan Sood , Tanvi Sharma , Vansh Agrawal

The deployment of efficient long-context LLMs in applications like autonomous agents, long-chain reasoning, and creative writing is fundamentally bottlenecked by the linear growth of KV cache memory. Existing compression and eviction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jitai Hao , Qiang Huang , Yaowei Wang , Min Zhang , Jun Yu

Multi-agent LLM systems usually collaborate by exchanging natural-language messages. This interface is simple and interpretable, but it forces each sender's intermediate computation to be serialized into tokens and then reprocessed by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Wenrui Bao , Huan Wang , Jian Wang , Zhangyang Wang , Kai Wang , Yuzhang Shang

With large language models (LLMs) widely deployed in long content generation recently, there has emerged an increasing demand for efficient long-sequence inference support. However, key-value (KV) cache, which is stored to avoid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Hanshi Sun , Zhuoming Chen , Xinyu Yang , Yuandong Tian , Beidi Chen

Cooperative perception through Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication offers significant potential for enhancing vehicle perception by mitigating occlusions and expanding the field of view. However, past research has predominantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Seth Z. Zhao , Huizhi Zhang , Zhaowei Li , Juntong Peng , Anthony Chui , Zewei Zhou , Zonglin Meng , Hao Xiang , Zhiyu Huang , Fujia Wang , Ran Tian , Chenfeng Xu , Bolei Zhou , Jiaqi Ma

Deploying long-context large language models (LLMs) is essential but poses significant computational and memory challenges. Caching all Key and Value (KV) states across all attention heads consumes substantial memory. Existing KV cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Guangxuan Xiao , Jiaming Tang , Jingwei Zuo , Junxian Guo , Shang Yang , Haotian Tang , Yao Fu , Song Han

Long-horizon LLM inference turns the key--value (KV) cache into the dominant GPU memory consumer and makes per-token attention increasingly expensive. Many common eviction policies use static recency windows or historical attention, leaving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yubo Li , Yidi Miao