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Large Language Models struggle with memory demands from the growing Key-Value (KV) cache as context lengths increase. Existing compression methods homogenize head dimensions or rely on attention-guided token pruning, often sacrificing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xiaoran Liu , Siyang He , Qiqi Wang , Ruixiao Li , Yuerong Song , Zhigeng Liu , Linlin Li , Qun Liu , Zengfeng Huang , Qipeng Guo , Ziwei He , Xipeng Qiu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are plagued by exorbitant inference costs attributable to the profusion of visual tokens within the vision encoder. The redundant visual tokens engenders a substantial computational load and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiedong Zhuang , Lu Lu , Ming Dai , Rui Hu , Jian Chen , Qiang Liu , Haoji Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in processing extensive contexts, with the Key-Value (KV) cache playing a vital role in enhancing their performance. However, the growth of the KV cache in response to increasing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yuhong Li , Yingbing Huang , Bowen Yang , Bharat Venkitesh , Acyr Locatelli , Hanchen Ye , Tianle Cai , Patrick Lewis , Deming Chen

Recent advances in Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) techniques have significantly increased demand for serving quantized large language models (LLMs), enabling higher throughput and substantially reduced memory usage with minimal accuracy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Kyungmin Bin , Seungbeom Choi , Jimyoung Son , Jieun Choi , Daseul Bae , Daehyeon Baek , Kihyo Moon , Minsung Jang , Hyojung Lee

Incorporating external knowledge in large language models (LLMs) enhances their utility across diverse applications, but existing methods have trade-offs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) fetches evidence via similarity search, but key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Giulio Corallo , Orion Weller , Fabio Petroni , Paolo Papotti

Prefix KV caching has become a key mechanism in LLM serving: it reduces time to first token (TTFT) by avoiding redundant computation across requests that share a prefix (i.e., the system prompt). However, the accumulated KV cache is often…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yu Zhu , Aditya Dhakal , Yunming Xiao , Dejan Milojicic , Gustavo Alonso

This work studies how to adaptively recompute key-value (KV) caches for diffusion large language models (DLMs) to maximize prediction accuracy while minimizing decoding latency. Prior methods' decoders recompute QKV for all tokens at every…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Quan Nguyen-Tri , Mukul Ranjan , Zhiqiang Shen

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive potential in various practical applications. However, long context inference poses a significant challenge due to the enormous memory requirements of the key-value (KV)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Chengming Zhang , Xubin He , Sian Jin

Many LLM applications require only narrow capabilities, yet standard post-training quantization (PTQ) methods allocate precision without considering the target task. This can waste bits on layers that are less relevant to the task signal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Amit LeVi , Raz Lapid , Rom Himelstein , Chaim Baskin , Ravid Shwartz Ziv , Avi Mendelson

Key-Value (KV) cache quantization has become a widely adopted optimization technique for efficient large language models (LLMs) inference by reducing KV cache memory usage and mitigating memory-bound constraints. Recent studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zunhai Su , Kehong Yuan

Recent large language models (LLMs) face increasing inference latency as input context length and model size continue to grow. In particular, the retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technique, which enhances LLM responses by incorporating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Hyungwoo Lee , Kihyun Kim , Jinwoo Kim , Jungmin So , Myung-Hoon Cha , Hong-Yeon Kim , James J. Kim , Youngjae Kim

Long-context reasoning is a critical capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling applications such as long-document understanding, summarization, and code generation. However, efficient autoregressive inference relies on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zahra Dehghanighobadi , Asja Fischer

Recent large language models (LLMs) with enormous model sizes use many GPUs to meet memory capacity requirements incurring substantial costs for token generation. To provide cost-effective LLM inference with relaxed latency constraints,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sanghyeon Lee , Hongbeen Kim , Soojin Hwang , Guseul Heo , Minwoo Noh , Jaehyuk Huh

Generating long sequences of tokens given a long-context input is a very compute-intensive inference scenario for large language models (LLMs). One prominent inference speed-up approach is to construct a smaller key-value (KV) cache,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Fangyuan Xu , Tanya Goyal , Eunsol Choi

Large Language models (LLMs) have become a research hotspot. To accelerate the inference of LLMs, storing computed caches in memory has become the standard technique. However, as the inference length increases, growing KV caches might lead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Meizhi Zhong , Xikai Liu , Chen Zhang , Yikun Lei , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Kehai Chen , Min Zhang

Recently, sharing key-value (KV) cache across layers has been found effective in efficient inference of large language models (LLMs). To systematically investigate different techniques of cross-layer KV sharing, we propose a unified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 You Wu , Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

The Key-Value (KV) cache is integral to efficient autoregressive inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its unbounded growth in stateful multi-turn scenarios presents major challenges. This paper examines the interplay between KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Pratik Poudel

Visual autoregressive modeling (VAR) via next-scale prediction has emerged as a scalable image generation paradigm. While Key and Value (KV) caching in large language models (LLMs) has been extensively studied, next-scale prediction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Boxun Xu , Yu Wang , Zihu Wang , Peng Li

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents built on vision-language models have emerged as a promising approach to automate human-computer workflows. However, they also face the inefficiency challenge as they process long sequences of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Kung-Hsiang Huang , Haoyi Qiu , Yutong Dai , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

While Transformer self-attention offers strong parallelism, the Key-Value (KV) cache grows linearly with sequence length and becomes a bottleneck for inference efficiency. Multi-head latent attention was recently developed to compress the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Keqi Deng , Philip C. Woodland