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We propose DFAMiner, a passive learning tool for learning minimal separating deterministic finite automata (DFA) from a set of labelled samples. Separating automata are an interesting class of automata that occurs generally in regular model…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Daniele Dell'Erba , Yong Li , Sven Schewe

The problem of learning pairwise disjoint deterministic finite automata (DFA) from positive examples has been recently addressed. In this paper, we address the problem of identifying a set of DFAs from labeled strings and come up with two…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Alexis Linard

We present $L^{\#}$, a new and simple approach to active automata learning. Instead of focusing on equivalence of observations, like the $L^{\ast}$ algorithm and its descendants, $L^{\#}$ takes a different perspective: it tries to establish…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Frits Vaandrager , Bharat Garhewal , Jurriaan Rot , Thorsten Wißmann

The separating words problem asks for the size of the smallest DFA needed to distinguish between two words of length <= n (by accepting one and rejecting the other). In this paper we survey what is known and unknown about the problem,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-03-24 Erik D. Demaine , Sarah Eisenstat , Jeffrey Shallit , David A. Wilson

Automata learning techniques automatically generate system models from test observations. These techniques usually fall into two categories: passive and active. Passive learning uses a predetermined data set, e.g., system logs. In contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Martin Tappler , Bernhard K. Aichernig , Giovanni Bacci , Maria Eichlseder , Kim G. Larsen

In this paper, we present a proof of the NP-completeness of computing the smallest Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) that distinguishes two given regular languages as DFAs. A distinguishing DFA is an automaton that recognizes a language…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jan Martens

A classical problem in grammatical inference is to identify a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) from a set of positive and negative examples. In this paper, we address the related - yet seemingly novel - problem of identifying a set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-07 Alexis Linard , Rick Smetsers , Frits Vaandrager , Umar Waqas , Joost van Pinxten , Sicco Verwer

Angluin's L$^*$ algorithm learns the minimal deterministic finite automaton (DFA) of a regular language using membership and equivalence queries. Its probabilistic approximatively correct (PAC) version substitutes an equivalence query by…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Lina Ye , Igor Khmelnitsky , Serge Haddad , Benoît Barbot , Benedikt Bollig , Martin Leucker , Daniel Neider , Rajarshi Roy

Expert demonstrations have proven an easy way to indirectly specify complex tasks. Recent algorithms even support extracting unambiguous formal specifications, e.g. deterministic finite automata (DFA), from demonstrations. Unfortunately,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Marcell Vazquez-Chanlatte , Karim Elmaaroufi , Stefan J. Witwicki , Matei Zaharia , Sanjit A. Seshia

In this work, we introduce DeepDFA, a novel approach to identifying Deterministic Finite Automata (DFAs) from traces, harnessing a differentiable yet discrete model. Inspired by both the probabilistic relaxation of DFAs and Recurrent Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Elena Umili , Roberto Capobianco

Automata learning has many applications in artificial intelligence and software engineering. Central to these applications is the $L^*$ algorithm, introduced by Angluin. The $L^*$ algorithm learns deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Sebastian Hagedorn , Martín Muñoz , Cristian Riveros , Rodrigo Toro Icarte

Speculative data-parallel algorithms for language recognition have been widely experimented for various types of finite-state automata (FA), deterministic (DFA) and nondeterministic (NFA), often derived from regular expressions (RE). Such…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Angelo Borsotti , Luca Breveglieri , Stefano Crespi Reghizzi , Angelo Morzenti

Angluin's L* algorithm learns the minimal (complete) deterministic finite automaton (DFA) of a regular language using membership and equivalence queries. Its probabilistic approximatively correct (PAC) version substitutes an equivalence…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Igor Khmelnitsky , Serge Haddad , Lina Ye , Benoît Barbot , Benedikt Bollig , Martin Leucker , Daniel Neider , Rajarshi Roy

Determining the minimum number of states required by a finite automaton to separate a given pair of different words is an important problem. In this paper, we consider this problem for quantum automata (QFAs). We show that 2-state QFAs can…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-26 Aleksandrs Belovs , Juan Andres Montoya , Abuzer Yakaryılmaz

Extracting finite state automata (FSAs) from black-box models offers a powerful approach to gaining interpretable insights into complex model behaviors. To support this pursuit, we present a weighted variant of Angluin's (1987)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Clemente Pasti , Talu Karagöz , Anej Svete , Franz Nowak , Reda Boumasmoud , Ryan Cotterell

The problem of k-minimisation for a DFA M is the computation of a smallest DFA N (where the size |M| of a DFA M is the size of the domain of the transition function) such that their recognized languages differ only on words of length less…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-03-01 Paweł Gawrychowski , Artur Jeż , Andreas Maletti

Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) leverages heterogeneous modalities, such as language, vision, and audio, to enhance the understanding of human sentiment. While existing models often focus on extracting shared information across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Pan Wang , Qiang Zhou , Yawen Wu , Tianlong Chen , Jingtong Hu

Active automata learning (AAL) under a Minimally Adequate Teacher (MAT) has been successfully used to infer a regular language through membership and equivalence queries. This language might not be fully characterized: we are then…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Daniel Stan , Adrien Pommellet , Juliette Jacquot

A core problem in machine learning is to learn expressive latent variables for model prediction on complex data that involves multiple sub-components in a flexible and interpretable fashion. Here, we develop an approach that improves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Yi-Lin Tuan , Zih-Yun Chiu , William Yang Wang

Active learning is a machine learning paradigm that aims to improve the performance of a model by strategically selecting and querying unlabeled data. One effective selection strategy is to base it on the model's predictive uncertainty,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Seong Jin Cho , Gwangsu Kim , Junghyun Lee , Jinwoo Shin , Chang D. Yoo
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