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For some hypothesis classes and input distributions, active agnostic learning needs exponentially fewer samples than passive learning; for other classes and distributions, it offers little to no improvement. The most popular algorithms for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Eric Price , Yihan Zhou

A deterministic finite automaton (DFA) separates two strings $w$ and $x$ if it accepts $w$ and rejects $x$. The minimum number of states required for a DFA to separate $w$ and $x$ is denoted by $sep(w,x)$. The present paper shows that the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Farzam Ebrahimnejad

Automata learning is a successful tool for many application domains such as robotics and automatic verification. Typically, automata learning techniques operate in a supervised learning setting (active or passive) where they learn a finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Simon Lutz , Daniil Kaminskyi , Florian Wittbold , Simon Dierl , Falk Howar , Barbara König , Emmanuel Müller , Daniel Neider

We study agnostic active learning, where the goal is to learn a classifier in a pre-specified hypothesis class interactively with as few label queries as possible, while making no assumptions on the true function generating the labels. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-15 Chicheng Zhang , Kamalika Chaudhuri

We define a two-step learner for RFSAs based on an observation table by using an algorithm for minimal DFAs to build a table for the reversal of the language in question and showing that we can derive the minimal RFSA from it after some…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-08-11 Anna Kasprzik

Active automata learning (AAL) algorithms can learn a behavioral model of a system from interacting with it. The primary challenge remains scaling to larger models, in particular in the presence of many possible inputs to the system. Modern…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Loes Kruger , Sebastian Junges , Jurriaan Rot

We present an active automata learning algorithm which learns a decomposition of a finite state machine, based on projecting onto individual outputs. This is dual to a recent compositional learning algorithm by Labbaf et al. (2023). When…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Rick Koenders , Joshua Moerman

We present an algorithm for active learning of deterministic timed automata with multiple clocks. The algorithm is within the querying framework of Angluin's $L^*$ algorithm and follows the idea proposed in existing work on the active…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Yu Teng , Miaomiao Zhang , Jie An

The emergence of intelligence in large language models (LLMs) has inspired investigations into their integration into automata learning. This paper introduces the probabilistic Minimally Adequate Teacher (pMAT) formulation, which leverages…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Lekai Chen , Ashutosh Trivedi , Alvaro Velasquez

This paper presents DAALder (Database-Assisted Automata Learning, with Dutch suffix from leerder), a new algorithm for learning state machines, or automata, specifically deterministic finite-state automata (DFA). When learning state…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Hielke Walinga , Robert Baumgartner , Sicco Verwer

Existing active learning studies typically work in the closed-set setting by assuming that all data examples to be labeled are drawn from known classes. However, in real annotation tasks, the unlabeled data usually contains a large amount…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Kun-Peng Ning , Xun Zhao , Yu Li , Sheng-Jun Huang

We present an SMT-based active learning algorithm for nondeterministic weighted automata (WFAs) as a practical and robust alternative to Hankel/L*-style methods. Our algorithm is parametric in a given semiring and, if it terminates,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tiago Ferreira , Kevin Batz , Alexandra Silva

The identification of a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) from labeled examples is a well-studied problem in the literature; however, prior work focuses on the identification of monolithic DFAs. Although monolithic DFAs provide accurate…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Niklas Lauffer , Beyazit Yalcinkaya , Marcell Vazquez-Chanlatte , Ameesh Shah , Sanjit A. Seshia

Automatic differentiation plays a prominent role in scientific computing and in modern machine learning, often in the context of powerful programming systems. The relation of the various embodiments of automatic differentiation to the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Martin Abadi , Gordon D. Plotkin

We investigate a famous decision problem in automata theory: separation. Given a class of language C, the separation problem for C takes as input two regular languages and asks whether there exists a third one which belongs to C, includes…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Thomas Place

Understanding recurrent networks through rule extraction has a long history. This has taken on new interests due to the need for interpreting or verifying neural networks. One basic form for representing stateful rules is deterministic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Qinglong Wang , Kaixuan Zhang , Alexander G. Ororbia , Xinyu Xing , Xue Liu , C. Lee Giles

We present a new algorithm IDS for incremental learning of deterministic finite automata (DFA). This algorithm is based on the concept of distinguishing sequences introduced in (Angluin81). We give a rigorous proof that two versions of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-14 Muddassar A. Sindhu , Karl Meinke

Discriminative learning machines often need a large set of labeled samples for training. Active learning (AL) settings assume that the learner has the freedom to ask an oracle to label its desired samples. Traditional AL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-24 Arash Mehrjou , Mehran Khodabandeh , Greg Mori

Learning automata by queries is a long-studied area initiated by Angluin in 1987 with the introduction of the $L^*$ algorithm to learn regular languages, with a large body of work afterwards on many different variations and generalizations…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Kevin Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on formal language tasks, yet whether this reflects genuine symbolic reasoning or pattern matching on familiar constructions remains unclear. We introduce a benchmark for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shlok Shelat , Jay Raval , Souvik Roy , Manas Gaur