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Explosive demands for LLMs often cause user queries to accumulate in server queues, requiring efficient routing (query-LLM matching) and scheduling (query prioritization) mechanisms. Several online algorithms are being deployed, but they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Seoungbin Bae , Junyoung Son , Dabeen Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, but their varying capabilities and costs pose challenges in practical applications. LLM routing addresses this by dynamically selecting the most suitable LLM for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pranoy Panda , Raghav Magazine , Chaitanya Devaguptapu , Sho Takemori , Vishal Sharma

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit potential artificial generic intelligence recently, however, their usage is costly with high response latency. Given mixed LLMs with their own strengths and weaknesses, LLM routing aims to identify the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Xinyuan Wang , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Xujiang Zhao , Zhengzhang Chen , Wenchao Yu , Yanjie Fu , Haifeng Chen

The integration of wireless communications and Large Language Models (LLMs) is poised to unlock ubiquitous intelligent services, yet deploying them in wireless edge-device collaborative environments presents a critical trade-off between…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Rui Bao , Nan Xue , Yaping Sun , Zhiyong Chen

We study LLM routing, the problem of selecting the best model for each query while balancing user satisfaction, model expertise, and inference cost. We formulate routing as contextual dueling bandits, learning from pairwise preference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Chao-Kai Chiang , Takashi Ishida , Masashi Sugiyama

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive capabilities but incur substantial inference latency and cost, which hinders their deployment in latency-sensitive and resource-constrained scenarios. Cloud-edge-device collaborative inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Qiao , Hao Zhang , Shanwen Mao , Siyao Cheng , Jie Liu

Large Language Model (LLM) workloads have distinct prefill and decode phases with different compute and memory requirements which should ideally be accounted for when scheduling input queries across different LLM instances in a cluster.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kunal Jain , Anjaly Parayil , Ankur Mallick , Esha Choukse , Xiaoting Qin , Jue Zhang , Íñigo Goiri , Rujia Wang , Chetan Bansal , Victor Rühle , Anoop Kulkarni , Steve Kofsky , Saravan Rajmohan

Recently, the number of off-the-shelf Large Language Models (LLMs) has exploded with many open-source options. This creates a diverse landscape regarding both serving options (e.g., inference on local hardware vs remote LLM APIs) and model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Dimitrios Sikeridis , Dennis Ramdass , Pranay Pareek

The rapid advancement in large language models (LLMs) has brought forth a diverse range of models with varying capabilities that excel in different tasks and domains. However, selecting the optimal LLM for user queries often involves a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yang Li

LLM-based agents show strong potential for long-horizon reasoning, yet their context size is limited by deployment factors (e.g., memory, latency, and cost), yielding a constrained context budget. As interaction histories grow, this induces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yong Wu , YanZhao Zheng , TianZe Xu , ZhenTao Zhang , YuanQiang Yu , JiHuai Zhu , Chao Ma , BinBin Lin , BaoHua Dong , HangCheng Zhu , RuoHui Huang , Gang Yu

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

We present Thinking While Driving, a concurrent routing framework that integrates LLMs into a graph-based traffic environment. Unlike approaches that require agents to stop and deliberate, our system enables LLM-based route planning while…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Xiaopei Tan , Muyang Fan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, leading to a significant increase in user demand for LLM services. However, cloud-based LLM services often suffer from high latency, unstable responsiveness, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Jin Yang , Qiong Wu , Zhiying Feng , Zhi Zhou , Deke Guo , Xu Chen

Data-parallel (DP) load balancing has emerged as a first-order bottleneck in large-scale LLM serving. When a model is sharded across devices via tensor parallelism (TP) or expert parallelism (EP) and replicated across many DP workers, every…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tianci Bu , Yuan Lyu , Zixi Chen , Chendong Song , Hong Liang , Tsepten Gurung , Yuwei Fan , Yinyu Ye , Zijie Zhou

Large language model (LLM) agents at the network edge offer low-latency execution for routine queries. In contrast, complex requests often require the superior capability of cloud models, incurring higher latency and cost. To navigate this…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yuxuan Chen , Rongpeng Li , Xianfu Chen , Celimuge Wu , Chenghui Peng , Zhifeng Zhao , Honggang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) excel in most NLP tasks but also require expensive cloud servers for deployment due to their size, while smaller models that can be deployed on lower cost (e.g., edge) devices, tend to lag behind in terms of…

Contextual bandit algorithms provide principled online learning solutions to balance the exploitation-exploration trade-off in various applications such as recommender systems. However, the learning speed of the traditional contextual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Xiaoying Zhang , Hong Xie , Hang Li , John C. S. Lui

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in Machine Translation (MT), but deploying them at scale remains prohibitively expensive. A widely adopted remedy is the hybrid system paradigm, which balances cost and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yingfeng Luo , Hongyu Liu , Dingyang Lin , Kaiyan Chang , Chenglong Wang , Bei Li , Quan Du , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

As large language models (LLMs) evolve into autonomous agents for long-horizon information-seeking, managing finite context capacity has become a critical bottleneck. Existing context management methods typically commit to a single fixed…

We propose ContextRL, a novel framework that leverages context augmentation to overcome these bottlenecks. Specifically, to enhance Identifiability, we provide the reward model with full reference solutions as context, enabling fine-grained…

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