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Runtime verification is an effective automated method for specification-based offline testing and analysis as well as online monitoring of complex systems. The specification language is often a variant of regular expressions or a popular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-11-11 Ramy Medhat , Yogi Joshi , Borzoo Bonakdarpour , Sebastian Fischmeister

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly expected to maintain coherent, long-term personalized memory, yet current benchmarks primarily measure static fact retrieval, overlooking the ability to revise stored beliefs when new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hanxiang Chao , Yihan Bai , Rui Sheng , Tianle Li , Yushi Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across a myriad of tasks, yet they occasionally yield undesirable outputs. We posit that these limitations are rooted in the foundational autoregressive architecture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Bo Shui , Yujiu Yang , Wai Lam

Deception is a pervasive feature of human communication and an emerging concern in large language models (LLMs). While recent studies document instances of LLM deception, most evaluations remain confined to single-turn prompts and fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yang Xu , Xuanming Zhang , Samuel Yeh , Jwala Dhamala , Ousmane Dia , Rahul Gupta , Sharon Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities, yet their stochastic next-token prediction creates logical inconsistencies and reward hacking that formal symbolic systems avoid. To bridge this gap, we introduce a formal logic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chuxue Cao , Jinluan Yang , Haoran Li , Kunhao Pan , Zijian Zhao , Zhengyu Chen , Yuchen Tian , Lijun Wu , Conghui He , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have impressive capabilities, but are prone to outputting falsehoods. Recent work has developed techniques for inferring whether a LLM is telling the truth by training probes on the LLM's internal activations.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Samuel Marks , Max Tegmark

The irreversible nature of blockchain transactions makes the identification of smart contract vulnerabilities an essential requirement for secure system development. While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Stefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

We present a framework for verifying the deterministic structured computations surrounding a large language model rather than the model itself, extending a Lean 4 trust-boundary architecture to the generic interfaces of modern LLM…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 George Koomullil

LongRecall. The completeness of machine-generated text, ensuring that it captures all relevant information, is crucial in domains such as medicine and law and in tasks like list-based question answering (QA), where omissions can have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 MohamamdJavad Ardestani , Ehsan Kamalloo , Davood Rafiei

To enable reliable long-term interaction, LLM agents require a memory system that can faithfully store, efficiently retrieve, and deeply reason over accumulated dialogue history. Most existing methods adopt an extracted fact based paradigm:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Jingwei Sun , Jianing Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is increasingly deployed in enterprise search and document-centric assistants, where responses must be grounded in long and complex source materials. In practice, verifying that generated answers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Xunzhuo Liu , Bowei He , Xue Liu , Haichen Zhang , Huamin Chen

Automated fact-checking, using machine learning to verify claims, has grown vital as misinformation spreads beyond human fact-checking capacity. Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 are increasingly trusted to write academic papers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Dorian Quelle , Alexandre Bovet

Large language models (LLMs) power deep research agents that synthesize information from hundreds of web sources into cited reports, yet these citations cannot be reliably verified. Current approaches either trust models to self-cite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hailey Onweller , Elias Lumer , Austin Huber , Pia Ramchandani , Vamse Kumar Subbiah , Corey Feld

We propose RecaLLM, a set of reasoning language models post-trained to make effective use of long-context information. In-context retrieval, which identifies relevant evidence from context, and reasoning are deeply intertwined: retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Kyle Whitecross , Negin Rahimi

Persistent conversational AI systems face a choice between passing full conversation histories to a long-context large language model (LLM) and maintaining a dedicated memory system that extracts and retrieves structured facts. We compare a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Natchanon Pollertlam , Witchayut Kornsuwannawit

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate an impressive capacity to recall a vast range of factual knowledge. However, understanding their underlying reasoning and internal mechanisms in exploiting this knowledge remains a key research area.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Marco Bronzini , Carlo Nicolini , Bruno Lepri , Jacopo Staiano , Andrea Passerini

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionised natural language processing, exhibiting impressive human-like capabilities. In particular, LLMs are capable of "lying", knowingly outputting false statements. Hence, it is of interest and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Lennart Bürger , Fred A. Hamprecht , Boaz Nadler

Despite remarkable advancements in mitigating hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) by retrieval augmentation, it remains challenging to measure the reliability of LLMs using static question-answering (QA) data. Specifically, given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Xiaodong Yu , Hao Cheng , Xiaodong Liu , Dan Roth , Jianfeng Gao

Recent advances have shown that scaling test-time computation enables large language models (LLMs) to solve increasingly complex problems across diverse domains. One effective paradigm for test-time scaling (TTS) involves LLM generators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yefan Zhou , Austin Xu , Yilun Zhou , Janvijay Singh , Jiang Gui , Shafiq Joty

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant success in performing varied natural language tasks such as language translation, question-answering, summarizing, fact-checking, etc. Despite LLMs' impressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Bishwamittra Ghosh , Sarah Hasan , Naheed Anjum Arafat , Arijit Khan