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A non-Clifford gate is required for universal quantum computation, and, typically, this is the most error-prone and resource intensive logical operation on an error-correcting code. Small, single-qubit rotations are popular choices for this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-05 Ryuji Takagi , Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac L. Chuang

We introduce an adaptable and modular hybrid architecture designed for fault-tolerant quantum computing. It combines quantum emitters and linear-optical entangling gates to leverage the strength of both matter-based and photonic-based…

Quantum computing has made tremendous improvements in both software and hardware that have sparked interest in academia and industry to realize quantum computing applications. To this end, several steps are necessary: The underlying problem…

The transition to the fault-tolerant era exposes the limitations of homogeneous quantum systems, where no single qubit modality simultaneously offers optimal operation speed, connectivity, and scalability. In this work, we propose a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Xiang Fang , Jixuan Ruan , Sharanya Prabhu , Ang Li , Travis Humble , Dean Tullsen , Yufei Ding

As quantum computing advances toward fault-tolerance through quantum error correction, modular chiplet architectures have emerged to provide the massive qubit counts required while overcoming fabrication limits of monolithic chips. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Peter Wegmann , Aleksandra Świerkowska , Emmanouil Giortamis , Pramod Bhatotia

Modular architectures are a promising approach to scaling quantum computers to fault tolerance. Small, low-noise quantum processors connected through relatively noisy quantum links are capable of fault-tolerant operation as long as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Trond Hjerpekjøn Haug , Timo Hillmann , Anton Frisk Kockum , Raphaël Van Laer

Quantum algorithms often use quantum RAMs (QRAM) for accessing information stored in a database-like manner. QRAMs have to be fast, resource efficient and fault-tolerant. The latter is often influenced by access speeds, because shorter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-16 Alexandru Paler , Oumarou Oumarou , Robert Basmadjian

We study an architecture for fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computation (FT-MBQC) over optically-networked trapped-ion modules. The architecture is implemented with a finite number of modules and ions per module, and leverages…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Nitish K. Chandra , Saikat Guha , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes offer a promising route to scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing due to their substantially reduced footprint. However, these gains can be diluted at utility scale if we cannot also realize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Willers Yang , Jason Chadwick , Mariesa H. Teo , Joshua Viszlai , Fred Chong

In order to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation, we need to repeat the following sequence of four steps: First, perform 1 or 2 qubit quantum gates (in parallel if possible). Second, do a syndrome measurement on a subset of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 Harry Buhrman , Marten Folkertsma , Bruno Loff , Niels M. P. Neumann

To achieve scalable universal quantum computing, we need to implement a universal set of logical gates fault-tolerantly, for which the main difficulty lies with non-Clifford gates. We demonstrate that several characteristic features of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-04 Yi-Fei Wang , Yixu Wang , Yu-An Chen , Wenjun Zhang , Tao Zhang , Jiazhong Hu , Wenlan Chen , Yingfei Gu , Zi-Wen Liu

Fault-tolerant quantum computation demands significant resources: large numbers of physical qubits must be checked for errors repeatedly to protect quantum data as logic gates are implemented in the presence of noise. We demonstrate that an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-23 Felix Thomsen , Markus S. Kesselring , Stephen D. Bartlett , Benjamin J. Brown

Realizing the full potential of quantum computing requires large-scale quantum computers capable of running quantum error correction (QEC) to mitigate hardware errors and maintain quantum data coherence. While quantum computers operate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Chaithanya Naik Mude , Satvik Maurya , Benjamin Lienhard , Swamit Tannu

Achieving fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) demands simultaneous progress in physical qubit performance and quantum error correction (QEC). This work reviews and benchmarks experimental advancements towards FTQC across leading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 François-Marie Le Régent

While quantum computing holds great potential in combinatorial optimization, electronic structure calculation, and number theory, the current era of quantum computing is limited by noisy hardware. Many quantum compilation approaches can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Max Aksel Bowman , Pranav Gokhale , Jeffrey Larson , Ji Liu , Martin Suchara

In recent years, various computing-in-memory (CIM) processors have been presented, showing superior performance over traditional architectures. To unleash the potential of various CIM architectures, such as device precision, crossbar size,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Songyun Qu , Shixin Zhao , Bing Li , Yintao He , Xuyi Cai , Lei Zhang , Ying Wang

Current quantum programs are mostly synthesized and compiled on the gate-level, where quantum circuits are composed of quantum gates. The gate-level workflow, however, introduces significant redundancy when quantum gates are eventually…

As quantum processors grow in scale and reliability, the need for efficient quantum gate decomposition of circuits to a set of specific available gates, becomes ever more critical. The decomposition of a particular algorithm into a sequence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Jonathan Nemirovsky , Maya Chuchem , Yotam Shapira

We present an algorithm for compiling arbitrary unitaries into a sequence of gates native to a quantum processor. As accurate CNOT gates are hard for the foreseeable Noisy- Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices era, our A* inspired algorithm…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Marc Grau Davis , Ethan Smith , Ana Tudor , Koushik Sen , Irfan Siddiqi , Costin Iancu

The photonic platform holds great promise for quantum computing. Nevertheless, the intrinsic probabilistic characteristics of its native fusion operations introduces substantial randomness into the computing process, posing significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Hezi Zhang , Jixuan Ruan , Hassan Shapourian , Ramana Rao Kompella , Yufei Ding