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Content addressable memory (CAM) is widely used in associative search tasks for its highly parallel pattern matching capability. To accommodate the increasingly complex and data-intensive pattern matching tasks, it is critical to keep…

Despite the impressive search rate of one key per clock cycle, the update stage of a random-access-memory-based content-addressable-memory (RAM-based CAM) always suffers high latency. Two primary causes of such latency include: (1) the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Xuan-Thuan Nguyen , Trong-Thuc Hoang , Hong-Thu Nguyen , Katsumi Inoue , Cong-Kha Pham

Recent breakthroughs in associative memories suggest that silicon memories are coming closer to human memories, especially for memristive Content Addressable Memories (CAMs) which are capable to read and write in analog values. However, the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Jiaao Yu , Paul-Philipp Manea , Sara Ameli , Mohammad Hizzani , Amro Eldebiky , John Paul Strachan

Magneto-Electric FET (MEFET) is a recently developed post-CMOS FET, which offers intriguing characteristics for high speed and low-power design in both logic and memory applications. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Shaahin Angizi , Navid Khoshavi , Andrew Marshall , Peter Dowben , Deliang Fan

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) for real-time intelligence on edge devices is rapidly growing. However, conventional hardware architectures face a fundamental memory wall challenge, where limited on-device memory capacity and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Hongyi Guan , Yijia Zhang , Wenqiang Wang , Yizhao Gao , Shijie Cao , Chen Zhang , Ningyi Xu

Realizing today's cloud-level artificial intelligence functionalities directly on devices distributed at the edge of the internet calls for edge hardware capable of processing multiple modalities of sensory data (e.g. video, audio) at…

We propose a novel Hamming distance tolerant content-addressable memory (HD-CAM) for energy-efficient in memory approximate matching applications. HD-CAM implements approximate search using matchline charge redistribution rather than its…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Esteban Garzón , Roman Golman , Zuher Jahshan , Robert Hanhan , Natan Vinshtok-Melnik , Marco Lanuzza , Adam Teman , Leonid Yavits

A content addressable memory (CAM) is a type of memory that implements a parallel search engine at its core. A CAM takes as an input a value and outputs the address where this value is stored in case of a match. CAMs are used in a wide…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-12-24 Yousra Alkabani , Mario Miscuglio , Volker J. Sorger , Tarek El-Ghazawi

Analog Compute-in-Memory (CiM) accelerators are increasingly recognized for their efficiency in accelerating Deep Neural Networks (DNN). However, their dependence on Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) for accumulating partial sums from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Shubham Negi , Utkarsh Saxena , Deepika Sharma , Kaushik Roy

While general-purpose computing follows Von Neumann's architecture, the data movement between memory and processor elements dictates the processor's performance. The evolving compute-in-memory (CiM) paradigm tackles this issue by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Dhandeep Challagundla , Ignatius Bezzam , Riadul Islam

In this work, we propose SEE-MCAM, scalable and compact multi-bit CAM (MCAM) designs that utilize the three-terminal ferroelectric FET (FeFET) as the proxy. By exploiting the multi-level-cell characteristics of FeFETs, our proposed SEE-MCAM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Shengxi Shou , Che-Kai Liu , Sanggeon Yun , Zishen Wan , Kai Ni , Mohsen Imani , X. Sharon Hu , Jianyi Yang , Cheng Zhuo , Xunzhao Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as LLaMA and DeepSeek, are built on transformer architectures, which have become a standard model for achieving state-of-the-art performance in natural language processing tasks. Recently, there has been…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bas Ahn , Xingjian Tao , Manil Dev Gomony , Marc Geilen , Henk Corporaal

Agentic memory systems have become critical for enabling LLM agents to maintain long-term context and retrieve relevant information efficiently. However, existing memory frameworks suffer from a fundamental limitation: they perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Anxin Tian , Yiming Li , Xing Li , Hui-Ling Zhen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Zhenhua Dong , Mingxuan Yuan

Accelerating finite automata processing is critical for advancing real-time analytic in pattern matching, data mining, bioinformatics, intrusion detection, and machine learning. Recent in-memory automata accelerators leveraging SRAMs and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Yi Huang , Zhiyu Chen , Dai Li , Kaiyuan Yang

The rapid growth of deep neural network (DNN) workloads has significantly increased the demand for large-capacity on-chip SRAM in machine learning (ML) applications, with SRAM arrays now occupying a substantial fraction of the total die…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Subhradip Chakraborty , Ankur Singh , Xuming Chen , Gourav Datta , Akhilesh R. Jaiswal

While memory-augmented neural networks (MANNs) offer an effective solution for few-shot learning (FSL) by integrating deep neural networks with external memory, the capacity requirements and energy overhead of data movement become enormous…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Hao-Wei Chiang , Chi-Tse Huang , Hsiang-Yun Cheng , Po-Hao Tseng , Ming-Hsiu Lee , An-Yeu , Wu

Computation-in-Memory (CiM) is attracting attention as a technology that can perform MAC calculations required for AI accelerators, at high speed with low power consumption. However, there is a problem regarding power consumption and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Fuyuki Kihara , Seiji Uenohara , Satoshi Awamura , Naoko Misawa , Chihiro Matsui , Ken Takeuchi

Analog Computing-in-Memory (ACIM) is an emerging architecture to perform efficient AI edge computing. However, current ACIM designs usually have unscalable topology and still heavily rely on manual efforts. These drawbacks limit the ACIM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Haoyi Zhang , Jiahao Song , Xiaohan Gao , Xiyuan Tang , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

Pattern search is crucial in numerous analytic applications for retrieving data entries akin to the query. Content Addressable Memories (CAMs), an in-memory computing fabric, directly compare input queries with stored entries through…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Chenyu Ni , Sijie Chen , Che-Kai Liu , Liu Liu , Mohsen Imani , Thomas Kampfe , Kai Ni , Michael Niemier , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Cheng Zhuo , Xunzhao Yin

This paper presents a low-power cache architecture based on the series interconnection of conventional 6-transistor static random-access memory (6T SRAM) cells. The proposed approach aims to reduce leakage power in SRAM-based cache memories…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Naser Khatti Dizabadi , Ceyda Elcin Kaya