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This methods article presents a reproducible calibration workflow for prompt-based large language models (LLMs) in structured evidence-synthesis tasks. The method separates the rules that define the scientific task from the mutable prompt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Teo Susnjak

Modern language models (LMs) are not robust to out-of-distribution inputs. Machine generated (``optimized'') prompts can be used to modulate LM outputs and induce specific behaviors while appearing completely uninterpretable. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Rimon Melamed , Lucas H. McCabe , H. Howie Huang

One of the most common solutions adopted by software researchers to address code generation is by training Large Language Models (LLMs) on massive amounts of source code. Although a number of studies have shown that LLMs have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , David N. Palacio , Dipin Khati , Henry Burke , Denys Poshyvanyk

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has been used to enhance the reasoning capability of LLMs. However, its reliability in security-sensitive analytical tasks remains insufficiently examined, particularly under structured human evaluation.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jiling Zhou , Aisvarya Adeseye , Seppo Virtanen , Antti Hakkala , Jouni Isoaho

With the advent of foundation models, prompt tuning has positioned itself as an important technique for directing model behaviors and eliciting desired responses. Prompt tuning regards selecting appropriate keywords included into the input,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yunseon Choi , Sangmin Bae , Seonghyun Ban , Minchan Jeong , Chuheng Zhang , Lei Song , Li Zhao , Jiang Bian , Kee-Eung Kim

The active research topic of prompt engineering makes it evident that LLMs are sensitive to small changes in prompt wording. A portion of this can be ascribed to the inductive bias that is present in the LLM. By using an LLM's output as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Christian M. Angel , Francis Ferraro

Prompt optimization improves language models without updating their weights by searching for a better system prompt, but its effectiveness varies widely across tasks. We study what makes a task amenable to prompt optimization. We show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhaolin Gao , Yu , Wang , Bo Liu , Thorsten Joachims , Kianté Brantley , Wen Sun

This study explores the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to evaluate causality in causal graphs generated by conventional statistical causal discovery methods-a task traditionally reliant on manual assessment by human subject…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Yuni Susanti , Nina Holsmoelle

Explicit reasoning models are trained to produce intermediate reasoning traces before final answers, but downstream fine-tuning is often performed on ordinary instruction-response data that contains no such traces. We show that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Lukas Twist , Helen Yannakoudakis , Jie M. Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are known to be sensitive to input phrasing, but the mechanisms by which semantic cues shape reasoning remain poorly understood. We investigate this phenomenon in the context of comparative math problems with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Mohammadamin Shafiei , Hamidreza Saffari , Nafise Sadat Moosavi

Multiple-choice question (MCQ) benchmarks have been a standard evaluation practice for measuring LLMs' ability to reason and answer knowledge-based questions. Through a synthetic NonsenseQA benchmark, we observe that different LLMs exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Mateusz Nowak , Xavier Cadet , Peter Chin

We explore the idea of compressing the prompts used to condition language models, and show that compressed prompts can retain a substantive amount of information about the original prompt. For severely compressed prompts, while fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-10 David Wingate , Mohammad Shoeybi , Taylor Sorensen

Code pre-trained models (CodePTMs) have recently demonstrated significant success in code intelligence. To interpret these models, some probing methods have been applied. However, these methods fail to consider the inherent characteristics…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Nuo Chen , Qiushi Sun , Renyu Zhu , Xiang Li , Xuesong Lu , Ming Gao

Probing the multilingual knowledge of linguistic structure in LLMs, often characterized as sequence labeling, faces challenges with maintaining output templates in current text-to-text prompting strategies. To solve this, we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Ercong Nie , Shuzhou Yuan , Bolei Ma , Helmut Schmid , Michael Färber , Frauke Kreuter , Hinrich Schütze

Handling and digesting a huge amount of information in an efficient manner has been a long-term demand in modern society. Some solutions to map key points (short textual summaries capturing essential information and filtering redundancies)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Ahnaf Mozib Samin , Behrooz Nikandish , Jingyan Chen

Reference-based Text-to-Speech (TTS) models can generate multiple, prosodically-different renditions of the same target text. Such models jointly learn a latent acoustic space during training, which can be sampled from during inference.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Atli Thor Sigurgeirsson , Simon King

This study investigates the reasoning robustness of large language models (LLMs) on mathematical problem-solving tasks under systematically introduced input perturbations. Using the GSM8K dataset as a controlled testbed, we evaluate how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Giannis Chatziveroglou , Richard Yun , Maura Kelleher

Mainstream methods for Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) based on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) heavily rely on the statistical correlation between case facts and judgment results. This paradigm lacks explicit modeling of legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuzhi Liang , Lixiang Ma , Xinrong Zhu

Pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently shown promise in detecting anomalies. However, previous approaches are fundamentally limited by their reliance on human-designed prompts and the lack of accessible anomaly samples,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Pi-Wei Chen , Jerry Chun-Wei Lin , Wei-Han Chen , Jia Ji , Zih-Ching Chen , Feng-Hao Yeh , Chao-Chun Chen

As large language models (LLMs) continue to improve and see further integration into software systems, so does the need to understand the conditions in which they will perform. We contribute a statistical framework for understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Andrew Lauziere , Jonathan Daugherty , Taisa Kushner