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Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on multi-turn reasoning and interaction, such as adaptive retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and ReAct-style agents, to answer difficult questions. These methods improve accuracy by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Xiaofan Zhou , Huy Nguyen , Bo Yu , Chenxi Liu , Lu Cheng

Recent work has demonstrated the remarkable potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in test-time scaling. By making models think before answering, they are able to achieve much higher accuracy with extra inference computation. However, in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yi Sun , Han Wang , Jiaqiang Li , Jiacheng Liu , Xiangyu Li , Hao Wen , Yizhen Yuan , Huiwen Zheng , Yan Liang , Yuanchun Li , Yunxin Liu

One of the most common complaints about large language models (LLMs) is their prompt sensitivity -- that is, the fact that their ability to perform a task or provide a correct answer to a question can depend unpredictably on the way the…

Vision-language foundation models (VLMs) show promise for diverse imaging tasks but often underperform on medical benchmarks. Prior efforts to improve performance include model finetuning, which requires large domain-specific datasets and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Arnav Singhvi , Vasiliki Bikia , Asad Aali , Akshay Chaudhari , Roxana Daneshjou

Pre-trained vision-language models, e.g., CLIP, working with manually designed prompts have demonstrated great capacity of transfer learning. Recently, learnable prompts achieve state-of-the-art performance, which however are prone to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Baoshuo Kan , Teng Wang , Wenpeng Lu , Xiantong Zhen , Weili Guan , Feng Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to automatically label and analyze educational dialogue at scale, yet current pipelines lack reliable ways to detect when models are wrong. We investigate whether reasoning generated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Zhuqian Zhou , Jinsook Lee , Rene F. Kizilcec

A Large Language Model (LLM) tends to generate inconsistent and sometimes contradictory outputs when presented with a prompt that has equivalent semantics but is expressed differently from the original prompt. To achieve semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Jingyuan Yang , Dapeng Chen , Yajing Sun , Rongjun Li , Zhiyong Feng , Wei Peng

Speech language models (LMs) are promising for high-quality speech synthesis through in-context learning. A typical speech LM takes discrete semantic units as content and a short utterance as prompt, and synthesizes speech which preserves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Yifan Peng , Ilia Kulikov , Yilin Yang , Sravya Popuri , Hui Lu , Changhan Wang , Hongyu Gong

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are set to transform how machines process and generate human-like responses by integrating diverse modalities such as text, images, and code. Yet, effectively harnessing their capabilities hinges on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Anwesha Mohanty , Venkatesh Balavadhani Parthasarathy , Arsalan Shahid

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable adaptability to diverse tasks, by leveraging context prompts containing instructions, or minimal input-output examples. However, recent work revealed they also exhibit label bias -- an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuval Reif , Roy Schwartz

Recent advances on instruction fine-tuning have led to the development of various prompting techniques for large language models, such as explicit reasoning steps. However, the success of techniques depends on various parameters, such as…

System prompts provide a lightweight yet powerful mechanism for conditioning large language models (LLMs) at inference time. While prior work has focused on English-only settings, real-world deployments benefit from having a single prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Lechen Zhang , Yusheng Zhou , Tolga Ergen , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , David Jurgens

Prior studies investigating the internal workings of LLMs have uncovered sparse subnetworks, often referred to as circuits, that are responsible for performing specific tasks. Additionally, it has been shown that model performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Nikhil Prakash , Donghao Ren , Dominik Moritz , Yannick Assogba

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in Automated Essay Scoring (AES) due to their ability to capture semantic meaning. Traditional fine-tuning approaches required technical expertise, limiting accessibility for educators with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

While reasoning large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance across various tasks, they also contain notable security vulnerabilities. Recent research has uncovered a "thinking-stopped" vulnerability in DeepSeek-R1, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Yu Cui , Yujun Cai , Yiwei Wang

Consistently scaling pre-trained language models (PLMs) imposes substantial burdens on model adaptation, necessitating more efficient alternatives to conventional fine-tuning. Given the advantage of prompting in the zero-shot setting and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Yulin Chen , Ning Ding , Xiaobin Wang , Shengding Hu , Hai-Tao Zheng , Zhiyuan Liu , Pengjun Xie

Prompt design plays a critical role in the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), yet the impact of prompt specificity - how detailed or vague a prompt is - remains understudied. This paper introduces DETAIL, a framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Olivia Kim

Despite the remarkable success of large-scale Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-3, their performances still significantly underperform fine-tuned models in the task of text classification. This is due to (1) the lack of reasoning ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Xiaofei Sun , Xiaoya Li , Jiwei Li , Fei Wu , Shangwei Guo , Tianwei Zhang , Guoyin Wang

LLM confidence calibration is often evaluated by comparing two signals: token-probability scores and verbalized confidence. These signals are sometimes treated as direct readouts of model uncertainty, but their comparison depends on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hankyeol Kim , Pilsung Kang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) often causes overfitting to specific prompt wording, where minor phrasing variations drastically reduce performance. To address this, we propose Prompt-Agnostic Fine-Tuning (PAFT), a method that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Chenxing Wei , Yao Shu , Mingwen Ou , Ying Tiffany He , Fei Richard Yu
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