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Skill ecosystems for LLM agents have matured rapidly, yet recent benchmarks show that providing agents with more skills does not monotonically improve performance -- focused sets of 2-3 skills outperform comprehensive documentation, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tianle Xia , Lingxiang Hu , Yiding Sun , Ming Xu , Lan Xu , Siying Wang , Wei Xu , Jie Jiang

Parameter-efficient transfer learning (PETL) has emerged as a flourishing research field for adapting large pre-trained models to downstream tasks, greatly reducing trainable parameters while grappling with memory challenges during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Haiwen Diao , Bo Wan , Xu Jia , Yunzhi Zhuge , Ying Zhang , Huchuan Lu , Long Chen

LLM agents are increasingly expected to function as general-purpose systems capable of resolving open-ended user requests. While existing benchmarks focus on domain-aware environments for developing specialized agents, evaluating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Xiaochuan Li , Ryan Ming , Pranav Setlur , Abhijay Paladugu , Andy Tang , Hao Kang , Shuai Shao , Rong Jin , Chenyan Xiong

LLM multi-agent systems often coordinate through natural-language dialogue or loosely structured shared memory, making intermediate state difficult to validate, attribute, and audit. We introduce PatchBoard, a schema-grounded collaboration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shuyu Zhang , Yaqi Shi , Lu Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) based agents excel at diverse tasks, yet they suffer from brittle procedural memory that is manually engineered or entangled in static parameters. In this work, we investigate strategies to endow agents with a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Runnan Fang , Yuan Liang , Xiaobin Wang , Jialong Wu , Shuofei Qiao , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Assisted by neural networks, reinforcement learning agents have been able to solve increasingly complex tasks over the last years. The simulation environment in which the agents interact is an essential component in any reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Aqeel Labash , Ardi Tampuu , Tambet Matiisen , Jaan Aru , Raul Vicente

Large language models are increasingly deployed as multi-agent systems, where specialized roles communicate and collaborate through structured interactions to solve complex tasks that often exceed the capacity of a single agent. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yimeng Wang , Jiaxing Zhao , Hongbin Xie , Hexing Ma , Yuzhen Lei , Shuangxue Liu , Xuan Song , Zichen Zhang , Haoran Zhang

Embodied agents are evolving from passive reasoning systems into active executors that interact with tools, robots, and physical environments. Once granted execution authority, the central challenge becomes how to keep actions governable at…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xue Qin , Simin Luan , John See , Cong Yang , Zhijun Li

With the rapid development of LLM-based agents, there is a growing trend to incorporate agent-specific data into the pre-training stage of LLMs, aiming to better align LLMs with real-world autonomous task execution. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiarui Qin , Yunjia Xi , Junjie Huang , Renting Rui , Di Yin , Weiwen Liu , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang , Xing Sun

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved widespread application across various fields. Despite their impressive capabilities, LLMs suffer from a lack of structured reasoning ability, particularly for complex tasks requiring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Boqi Chen , Kua Chen , José Antonio Hernández López , Gunter Mussbacher , Dániel Varró , Amir Feizpour

Reproducing computational research is often assumed to be as simple as rerunning the original code with provided data. In practice, missing packages, fragile file paths, version conflicts, or incomplete logic frequently cause analyses to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Syed Mehtab Hussain Shah , Frank Hopfgartner , Arnim Bleier

We introduce TensorFlow Agents, an efficient infrastructure paradigm for building parallel reinforcement learning algorithms in TensorFlow. We simulate multiple environments in parallel, and group them to perform the neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Danijar Hafner , James Davidson , Vincent Vanhoucke

Current approaches to AI agent orchestration typically involve building multi-agent frameworks that manage context passing, memory, error handling, and step coordination through code. These frameworks work well for complex, concurrent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jake Van Clief , David McDermott

As frontier language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents pursuing complex, long-term objectives, there is increased risk of scheming: agents covertly pursuing misaligned goals. Prior work has focused on showing agents are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Mia Hopman , Jannes Elstner , Maria Avramidou , Amritanshu Prasad , David Lindner

Third-party skills are becoming the package ecosystem for LLM agents. They package natural-language instructions, helper scripts, templates, documents, and service configuration into reusable workflows. This makes skills useful, but it also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Haomin Zhuang , Hanwen Xing , Yujun Zhou , Yuchen Ma , Yue Huang , Yili Shen , Yufei Han , Xiangliang Zhang

Large language model (LLM) agents achieve impressive single-task performance but commonly exhibit repeated failures, inefficient exploration, and limited cross-task adaptability. Existing reflective strategies (e.g., Reflexion, ReAct)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chunlong Wu , Ye Luo , Zhibo Qu , Min Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents are commonly trained and evaluated in the same environment. In contrast, humans often train in a specialized environment before being evaluated, such as studying a book before taking an exam. The potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Jarek Liesen , Chris Lu , Andrei Lupu , Jakob N. Foerster , Henning Sprekeler , Robert T. Lange

Traditional data processing pipelines are typically static and handcrafted for specific tasks, limiting their adaptability to evolving requirements. While general-purpose agents and coding assistants can generate code for well-understood…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Udayan Khurana

Large language models (LLMs) have evolved into agentic systems capable of autonomous tool use and multi-step reasoning for complex problem-solving. However, post-training approaches building upon general-purpose foundation models…

Despite the growing capabilities of autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs), their adoption in high-stakes domains remains limited. A key barrier is security: the inherently nondeterministic behavior of LLM agents defies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Adam AlSayyad , Kelvin Yuxiang Huang , Richik Pal
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