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Language models retain a significant amount of world knowledge from their pre-training stage. This allows knowledgeable models to be applied to knowledge-intensive tasks prevalent in information retrieval, such as ranking or question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jonas Wallat , Tianyi Zhang , Avishek Anand

Continual learning (CL) aims to extend deep models from static and enclosed environments to dynamic and complex scenarios, enabling systems to continuously acquire new knowledge of novel categories without forgetting previously learned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Sunyuan Qiang , Xuxin Lin , Yanyan Liang , Jun Wan , Du Zhang

Modern text-to-vision generative models often hallucinate when the prompt describing the scene to be generated is underspecified. In large language models (LLMs), a prevalent strategy to reduce hallucinations is to retrieve factual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Jinqi Luo , Kwan Ho Ryan Chan , Dimitris Dimos , René Vidal

Continual learning (CL) is a learning paradigm that emulates the human capability of learning and accumulating knowledge continually without forgetting the previously learned knowledge and also transferring the learned knowledge to help…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with dynamic knowledge updates, especially when new information conflicts with deeply embedded facts. Such conflicting factual edits often lead to two critical issues: resistance to adopting the new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Stanley Ngugi

Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. Many researchers argue that rote learning hinders generalization because it encourages verbatim memorization rather than deeper understanding. This concern extends even to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qinyuan Wu , Soumi Das , Mahsa Amani , Bishwamittra Ghosh , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Krishna P. Gummadi , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

Continual learning (CL) has emerged as a dominant paradigm for acquiring knowledge from sequential tasks while avoiding catastrophic forgetting. Although many CL methods have been proposed to show impressive empirical performance, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Wen Wen , Tieliang Gong , Zeyu Gao , Yunjiao Zhang , Weizhan Zhang , Yong-Jin Liu

Continual learning in large language models (LLMs) typically encounters the critical challenge of catastrophic forgetting, where previously acquired knowledge deteriorates upon exposure to new data. While techniques like replay buffers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Sneh Pillai

Large language models (LLMs) can struggle to memorize factual knowledge in their parameters, often leading to hallucinations and poor performance on knowledge-intensive tasks. In this paper, we formalize fact memorization from an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiayuan Ye , Vitaly Feldman , Kunal Talwar

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in generating human-like text, proving to be a valuable asset across various applications. However, adapting these models to incorporate new, out-of-domain…

Catastrophic forgetting (CF) happens whenever a neural network overwrites past knowledge while being trained on new tasks. Common techniques to handle CF include regularization of the weights (using, e.g., their importance on past tasks),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Jary Pomponi , Simone Scardapane , Aurelio Uncini

How can pretrained language models (PLMs) learn factual knowledge from the training set? We investigate the two most important mechanisms: reasoning and memorization. Prior work has attempted to quantify the number of facts PLMs learn, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nora Kassner , Benno Krojer , Hinrich Schütze

Continual learning (CL) is essential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to evolving real-world demands, yet they are susceptible to catastrophic forgetting (CF). While traditional CF solutions rely on expensive data rehearsal, recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Huanxuan Liao , Shizhu He , Yupu Hao , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Instruction tuning for large language models (LLMs) can drive them to produce results consistent with human goals in specific downstream tasks. However, the process of continual instruction tuning (CIT) for LLMs may bring about the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yongquan He , Wenyuan Zhang , Xuancheng Huang , Peng Zhang , Lingxun Meng , Xiang Zhou , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai

Pre-trained language models (e.g. BART) have shown impressive results when fine-tuned on large summarization datasets. However, little is understood about this fine-tuning process, including what knowledge is retained from pre-training time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Tanya Goyal , Jiacheng Xu , Junyi Jessy Li , Greg Durrett

Research on continual learning has led to a variety of approaches to mitigating catastrophic forgetting in feed-forward classification networks. Until now surprisingly little attention has been focused on continual learning of recurrent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Riccardo Del Chiaro , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Andrew D. Bagdanov , Joost van de Weijer

Multi-Task Learning (MTL) is widely-accepted in Natural Language Processing as a standard technique for learning multiple related tasks in one model. Training an MTL model requires having the training data for all tasks available at the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Sudipta Kar , Giuseppe Castellucci , Simone Filice , Shervin Malmasi , Oleg Rokhlenko

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate an impressive capacity to recall a vast range of factual knowledge. However, understanding their underlying reasoning and internal mechanisms in exploiting this knowledge remains a key research area.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Marco Bronzini , Carlo Nicolini , Bruno Lepri , Jacopo Staiano , Andrea Passerini

The inputs and preferences of human users are important considerations in situations where these users interact with autonomous cyber or cyber-physical systems. In these scenarios, one is often interested in aligning behaviors of the system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Luyao Niu , Andrew Clark , Radha Poovendran

Continual learning (CL) studies how models acquire tasks sequentially while retaining previously learned knowledge. Despite substantial progress in benchmarking CL methods, comparative evaluations typically keep the fine-tuning regime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Paul-Tiberiu Iordache , Elena Burceanu