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Large Language Models are increasingly proposed as cognitive components for robotic systems, yet their opaque decision processes make it difficult to explain success or failure in closed-loop embodied tasks. Following an empirical AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Oussama Zenkri , Oliver Brock

Multimodal agents can now tackle complex reasoning tasks with diverse tools, yet they still suffer from inefficient tool use and inflexible orchestration in open-ended settings. A central challenge is enabling such agents to continually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Guanyu Jiang , Zhaochen Su , Xiaoye Qu , Yi R. Fung

While large language models (LLMs) excel in a simulated world of texts, they struggle to interact with the more realistic world without perceptions of other modalities such as visual or audio signals. Although vision-language models (VLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Yijun Yang , Tianyi Zhou , Kanxue Li , Dapeng Tao , Lusong Li , Li Shen , Xiaodong He , Jing Jiang , Yuhui Shi

Language agents increasingly improve by reusing \emph{skills} -- structured procedural artifacts distilled from past experience. In particular, \emph{domain-level} and \emph{model-generated} skills are especially promising. They offer fast…

Autonomous navigation is a fundamental task for robot vacuum cleaners in indoor environments. Since their core function is to clean entire areas, robots inevitably encounter dead zones in cluttered and narrow scenarios. Existing planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Han Zheng , Jiale Zhang , Mingyang Jiang , Peiyuan Liu , Danni Liu , Tong Qin , Ming Yang

Robotic manipulation benefits from foundation models that describe goals, but today's agents still lack a principled way to learn from their own mistakes. We ask whether natural language can serve as feedback, an error-reasoning signal that…

The reasoning capabilities of embodied agents introduce a critical, under-explored inferential privacy challenge, where the risk of an agent generate sensitive conclusions from ambient data. This capability creates a fundamental tension…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Shuning Zhang , Hong Jia , Simin Li , Ting Dang , Yongquan `Owen' Hu , Xin Yi , Hewu Li

Embodied agents operating in household environments must interpret ambiguous and under-specified human instructions. A capable household robot should recognize ambiguity and ask relevant clarification questions to infer the user intent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ram Ramrakhya , Matthew Chang , Xavier Puig , Ruta Desai , Zsolt Kira , Roozbeh Mottaghi

Embodied Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and generalization in robotics, particularly within Vision-Language-Action frameworks. However, a significant gap remains between the high-level semantic focus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ruowen Zhao , Bangguo Li , Zuyan Liu , Yinan Liang , Junliang Ye , Fangfu Liu , Diankun Wu , Zhengyi Wang , Xumin Yu , Yongming Rao , Han Hu , Jun Zhu

Embodied planning requires agents to make coherent multi-step decisions based on dynamic visual observations and natural language goals. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) excel at static perception tasks, they struggle with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Di Wu , Jiaxin Fan , Junzhe Zang , Guanbo Wang , Wei Yin , Wenhao Li , Bo Jin

Relying on multi-modal observations, embodied robots (e.g., humanoid robots) could perform multiple robotic manipulation tasks in unstructured real-world environments. However, most language-conditioned behavior-cloning agents in robots…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Wenqi Liang , Gan Sun , Yao He , Yu Ren , Jiahua Dong , Yang Cong

Recent advancements in 3D reconstruction and neural rendering have enhanced the creation of high-quality digital assets, yet existing methods struggle to generalize across varying object shapes, textures, and occlusions. While Next Best…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Zhenghao Qi , Shenghai Yuan , Fen Liu , Haozhi Cao , Tianchen Deng , Jianfei Yang , Lihua Xie

End-to-end Transformers have demonstrated an impressive success rate for Embodied Instruction Following when the environment has been seen in training. However, they tend to struggle when deployed in an unseen environment. This lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Cheng-Fu Yang , Yen-Chun Chen , Jianwei Yang , Xiyang Dai , Lu Yuan , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang , Kai-Wei Chang

Recent works have shown how the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to domains beyond natural language processing, such as planning and interaction for robots. These embodied problems require an agent to…

Embodied intelligence fundamentally requires a capability to determine where to act in 3D space. We formalize this requirement as embodied localization -- the problem of predicting executable 3D points conditioned on visual observations and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Qiming Zhu , Zhirui Fang , Tianming Zhang , Chuanxiu Liu , Xiaoke Jiang , Lei Zhang

Embodied AI has been recently gaining attention as it aims to foster the development of autonomous and intelligent agents. In this paper, we devise a novel embodied setting in which an agent needs to explore a previously unknown environment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Roberto Bigazzi , Federico Landi , Marcella Cornia , Silvia Cascianelli , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Embodied intelligence systems, which enhance agent capabilities through continuous environment interactions, have garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. Vision-Language-Action models, inspired by advancements in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Haoran Li , Yuhui Chen , Wenbo Cui , Weiheng Liu , Kai Liu , Mingcai Zhou , Zhengtao Zhang , Dongbin Zhao

As embodied agents operate in increasingly complex environments, the ability to perceive, track, and reason about individual object instances over time becomes essential, especially in tasks requiring sequenced interactions with visually…

Large language model (LLM) agents such as OpenClaw rely on reusable skills to perform complex tasks, yet these skills remain largely static after deployment. As a result, similar workflows, tool usage patterns, and failure modes are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ziyu Ma , Shidong Yang , Yuxiang Ji , Xucong Wang , Yong Wang , Yiming Hu , Tongwen Huang , Xiangxiang Chu

A persistent skill library allows language model agents to reuse successful strategies across tasks. Maintaining such a library requires three coupled capabilities. The agent selects a relevant skill, utilizes it during execution, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yaorui Shi , Yuxin Chen , Zhengxi Lu , Yuchun Miao , Shugui Liu , Qi GU , Xunliang Cai , Xiang Wang , An Zhang