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This paper addresses the importance of Knowledge Structure (KS) and Knowledge Tracing (KT) in improving the recommendation of educational content in intelligent tutoring systems. The KS represents the relations between different Knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Louis Annabi , Sao Mai Nguyen

Emerging Knowledge Tracing (KT) models, particularly deep learning and attention-based Knowledge Tracing, have shown great potential in realizing personalized learning analysis via prediction of students' future performance based on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Shubham Kose , Jin Wei-Kocsis

Understanding what knowledge is implicitly encoded in deep learning models is essential for improving the interpretability of AI systems. This paper examines common methods to explain the knowledge encoded in word embeddings, which are core…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hanna Herasimchyk , Alhassan Abdelhalim , Sören Laue , Michaela Regneri

Educational systems often assume learners can identify their knowledge gaps, yet research consistently shows that students struggle to recognize what they don't know they need to learn-the "unknown unknowns" problem. This paper presents a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Jinwen Tang , Qiming Guo , Zhicheng Tang , Yi Shang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict learners' future performance from past interactions. While recent KT approaches have improved via learning item representations aligned with Knowledge Components, they overlook the procedural dynamics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jun Seo , Sangwon Ryu , Heejin Do , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Representation learning of knowledge bases (KBs) aims to embed both entities and relations into a low-dimensional space. Most existing methods only consider direct relations in representation learning. We argue that multiple-step relation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-18 Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Huanbo Luan , Maosong Sun , Siwei Rao , Song Liu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to trace changes in students' knowledge states throughout their entire learning process by analyzing their historical learning data and predicting their future learning performance. Existing forgetting curve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Shanshan Wang , Ying Hu , Xun Yang , Zhongzhou Zhang , Keyang Wang , Xingyi Zhang

A longstanding goal in computational educational research is to develop explainable knowledge tracing (KT) models. Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), which leverages a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to predict student knowledge and performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Kevin Hong , Kia Karbasi , Gregory Pottie

Knowledge tracing (KT) enhances student learning by leveraging past performance to predict future performance. Current research utilizes models based on attention mechanisms and recurrent neural network structures to capture long-term…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yang Cao , Wei Zhang

Knowledge Tracing aims to assess student learning states by predicting their performance in answering questions. Different from the existing research which utilizes fixed-length learning sequence to obtain the student states and regards KT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Ke Cheng , Linzhi Peng , Pengyang Wang , Junchen Ye , Leilei Sun , Bowen Du

Despite their large-scale coverage, cross-domain knowledge graphs invariably suffer from inherent incompleteness and sparsity. Link prediction can alleviate this by inferring a target entity, given a source entity and a query relation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Rajarshi Bhowmik , Gerard de Melo

Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities. Each student's knowledge is modeled by estimating the performance of the student on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shalini Pandey , George Karypis

Deep learning based knowledge tracing model has been shown to outperform traditional knowledge tracing model without the need for human-engineered features, yet its parameters and representations have long been criticized for not being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Chun-Kit Yeung

Knowledge tracing is a method used in education to assess and track the acquisition of knowledge by individual learners. It involves using a variety of techniques, such as quizzes, tests, and other forms of assessment, to determine what a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Yann Hicke

Accurate modeling of student knowledge is essential for large-scale online learning systems that are increasingly used for student training. Knowledge tracing aims to model student knowledge state given the student's sequence of learning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Siqian Zhao , Chunpai Wang , Shaghayegh Sahebi

Knowledge Graph (KG) alignment is to discover the mappings (i.e., equivalent entities, relations, and others) between two KGs. The existing methods can be divided into the embedding-based models, and the conventional reasoning and lexical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Zhiyuan Qi , Ziheng Zhang , Jiaoyan Chen , Xi Chen , Yuejia Xiang , Ningyu Zhang , Yefeng Zheng

We study the problem of explaining link predictions in the Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE) models. We propose an example-based approach that exploits the latent space representation of nodes and edges in a knowledge graph to explain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Adrianna Janik , Luca Costabello

Deep neural networks often have a huge number of parameters, which posts challenges in deployment in application scenarios with limited memory and computation capacity. Knowledge distillation is one approach to derive compact models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Wenxian Shi , Yuxuan Song , Hao Zhou , Bohan Li , Lei Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online education systems, aiming to monitor students' knowledge states throughout a learning period. Common KT approaches involve predicting the probability of a student correctly answering the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yuquan Xie , Shengtao Peng , Wanqi Yang , Ming Yang , Yang Gao

Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) is a probabilistic model of a learner's state of mastery corresponding to a knowledge component. It considers the learner's state of mastery as a "hidden" or latent binary variable and updates this state…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Denis Shchepakin , Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan , Dawn Zimmaro