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We introduce ThinkTwice, a simple two-phase framework that jointly optimizes LLMs to solve reasoning problems and refine the answers, based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). In each pair of training steps, ThinkTwice first…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Difan Jiao , Qianfeng Wen , Blair Yang , Zhenwei Tang , Ashton Anderson

The emergence of large language models has enabled sophisticated multi-agent systems, yet coordinating their reasoning capabilities through prompt engineering remains challenging. We present a theoretically-grounded framework for dynamic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Hassen Dhrif

Reasoning models have demonstrated remarkable progress in solving complex and logic-intensive tasks by generating extended Chain-of-Thoughts (CoTs) prior to arriving at a final answer. Yet, the emergence of this "slow-thinking" paradigm,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sicheng Feng , Gongfan Fang , Xinyin Ma , Xinchao Wang

Large reasoning language models such as OpenAI-o1 and Deepseek-R1 have recently attracted widespread attention due to their impressive task-solving abilities. However, the enormous model size and the generation of lengthy thought chains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jikai Wang , Juntao Li , Jianye Hou , Bowen Yan , Lijun Wu , Min Zhang

Reliable navigation systems have a wide range of applications in robotics and autonomous driving. Current approaches employ an open-loop process that converts sensor inputs directly into actions. However, these open-loop schemes are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Wenqi Zhang , Kai Zhao , Peng Li , Xiao Zhu , Yongliang Shen , Yanna Ma , Yingfeng Chen , Weiming Lu

Trajectory sampling in the Frenet(road-aligned) frame, is one of the most popular methods for motion planning of autonomous vehicles. It operates by sampling a set of behavioural inputs, such as lane offset and forward speed, before solving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jatan Shrestha , Simon Idoko , Basant Sharma , Arun Kumar Singh

End-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving has recently emerged as a new paradigm, offering significant potential. However, few studies have looked into the practical challenge of deployment across domains (e.g., cities). Although several works…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Rajeev Yasarla , Shizhong Han , Hsin-Pai Cheng , Litian Liu , Shweta Mahajan , Apratim Bhattacharyya , Yunxiao Shi , Risheek Garrepalli , Hong Cai , Fatih Porikli

Current autonomous driving systems are composed of a perception system and a decision system. Both of them are divided into multiple subsystems built up with lots of human heuristics. An end-to-end approach might clean up the system and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Jianyu Chen , Zhuo Xu , Masayoshi Tomizuka

Time series reasoning treats time as a first-class axis and incorporates intermediate evidence directly into the answer. This survey defines the problem and organizes the literature by reasoning topology with three families: direct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ching Chang , Yidan Shi , Defu Cao , Wei Yang , Jeehyun Hwang , Haixin Wang , Jiacheng Pang , Wei Wang , Yan Liu , Wen-Chih Peng , Tien-Fu Chen

Autonomous driving has advanced significantly due to sensors, machine learning, and artificial intelligence improvements. However, prevailing methods struggle with intricate scenarios and causal relationships, hindering adaptability and…

Recent reasoning large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1, exhibit strong performance on complex tasks through test-time inference scaling. However, prior studies have shown that these models often incur significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Wai Man Si , Mingjie Li , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

In cognition theory, human thinking is governed by two systems: the fast and intuitive System 1 and the slower but more deliberative System 2. Analogously, Large Language Models (LLMs) can operate in two reasoning modes: outputting only the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 DiJia Su , Sainbayar Sukhbaatar , Michael Rabbat , Yuandong Tian , Qinqing Zheng

Attention is a fundamental computational kernel that accounts for the majority of the workload in transformer and LLM computing. Optimizing dataflow is crucial for enhancing both performance and energy efficiency in attention computation.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Haodong Chang , Hailiang Hu , Zhenrui Wang , Yu Gong , Rongjian Liang , Zhexiang Tang , Bo Yuan , Jiang Hu

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing language model's reasoning capabilities. However, generating long and correct CoT trajectories is challenging. Recent studies have demonstrated that Looped…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Qifan Yu , Zhenyu He , Sijie Li , Xun Zhou , Jun Zhang , Jingjing Xu , Di He

Autonomous vehicles are controlled today either based on sequences of decoupled perception-planning-action operations, either based on End2End or Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) systems. Current deep learning solutions for autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Sorin Grigorescu , Bogdan Trasnea , Liviu Marina , Andrei Vasilcoi , Tiberiu Cocias

Practical autonomous driving requires models that generalize by reasoning through spatial-temporal possibilities to exclude unsafe outcomes. While state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods use parallel planning architectures, they fail to explicitly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yanhao Wu , Haoyang Zhang , Fei He , Rui Wu , Yanhu Shan , Congpei Qiu , Liang Gao , Wei Ke , Tong Zhang

Latent reasoning has been recently proposed as a reasoning paradigm and performs multi-step reasoning through generating steps in the latent space instead of the textual space. This paradigm enables reasoning beyond discrete language tokens…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yingqian Cui , Zhenwei Dai , Bing He , Zhan Shi , Hui Liu , Rui Sun , Zhiji Liu , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Benoit Dumoulin

The autonomous driving community is increasingly focused on addressing the challenges posed by out-of-distribution (OOD) driving scenarios. A dominant research trend seeks to enhance end-to-end (E2E) driving systems by integrating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Yingzi Ma , Yulong Cao , Wenhao Ding , Shuibai Zhang , Yan Wang , Boris Ivanovic , Ming Jiang , Marco Pavone , Chaowei Xiao

The central challenge of reasoning-intensive retrieval lies in identifying implicitreasoning relationships between queries and documents, rather than superficial se-mantic or lexical similarity. The contrastive learning paradigm is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Guangzhi Wang , Yinghao Jiao , Zhi Liu

Exact inference in probabilistic First-Order Logic offers a promising yet computationally costly approach for regulating the behavior of autonomous agents in shared traffic spaces. While prior methods have combined logical and probabilistic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Simon Kohaut , Benedict Flade , Julian Eggert , Kristian Kersting , Devendra Singh Dhami